Answer: C
Explanation: The first step in genetic engineering is the
isolation of the gene of interest from the organism's genome.
Answer: A
Explanation: Plasmids are commonly used as
vectors in gene cloning because they are small, circular pieces
of DNA capable of carrying foreign genes.
Answer: B
Explanation: Restriction enzymes are used to
cut DNA at specific sites to create sticky or blunt ends, which
are necessary for the insertion of foreign DNA.
Answer: A
Explanation: DNA ligase is used to
join the foreign DNA fragment to the vector DNA by forming
phosphodiester bonds between them.
Answer: A
Explanation: Transformation is the process of
introducing foreign DNA into a host cell, often bacteria, to create genetically
modified organisms (GMOs).
Answer: A
Explanation: Insulin is a commonly used
recombinant DNA product that is produced by genetically engineered bacteria.
Answer: A
Explanation: Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used
as a gene delivery system for introducing foreign genes into
plants, particularly for creating transgenic plants.
Answer: A
Explanation: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
is a technique used for amplifying DNA by creating millions of copies of a
specific DNA segment.
Answer: C
Explanation: Phagocytes are not used as
cloning vectors. Cloning vectors include plasmids,
bacteriophages, and cosmids.
Answer: C
Explanation: Selectable markers help identify
transformed cells that have taken up the recombinant DNA,
usually by conferring resistance to an antibiotic.
Answer: C
Explanation: DNA probes are used to
identify specific DNA sequences by hybridizing to complementary
sequences in the sample.
Answer: A
Explanation: Reverse transcriptase synthesizes
DNA from RNA, a process used to create complementary DNA (cDNA)
from mRNA.
Answer: B
Explanation: The gene gun (biolistic method)
involves shooting DNA-coated gold or tungsten particles into plant cells for
gene transfer.
Answer: C
Explanation: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
are often used in the production of transgenic plants with
desirable traits, such as resistance to pests or diseases.
Answer: B
Explanation: Taq polymerase is used in
PCR to amplify DNA because it can withstand high temperatures required
for denaturation of the DNA.
Answer: A
Explanation: Gel electrophoresis separates DNA
fragments by size, with smaller fragments moving faster through the gel.
Answer: A
Explanation: Escherichia coli is used to
produce human insulin by inserting the human insulin gene into
its genome through recombinant DNA technology.
Answer: A
Explanation: Bacillus thuringiensis is used to
produce Bt cotton, which contains a gene from the bacterium
that confers resistance to certain insect pests.
Answer: B
Explanation: One major concern with GMOs is the spread
of antibiotic resistance genes, which could transfer to harmful
bacteria.
Answer: A
Explanation: DNA polymerase adds nucleotides
to the growing DNA strand during DNA replication.
Answer: A
Explanation: Golden rice is a genetically
modified crop that contains increased levels of vitamin A (beta-carotene),
developed through biotechnology.
Answer: B
Explanation: Recombinant DNA technology is
used for insulin production, which involves inserting the human
insulin gene into bacteria for mass production.
Answer: B
Explanation: Selectable markers help in
identifying cells that have been successfully transformed with the recombinant
DNA.
Answer: A
Explanation: Bioreactors provide controlled
conditions for the growth of microorganisms or cells, enabling the
production of large quantities of desired products like enzymes or
biofuels.
Answer: A
Explanation: Transgenic animals can be used to
produce pharmaceuticals such as antibodies or proteins needed
for medical treatments.
Answer: D
Explanation: Chemical synthesis of proteins is
not considered part of biotechnology. Biotechnology involves gene
manipulation, the use of microorganisms, and recombinant DNA
technology to produce desired products.
Answer: A
Explanation: Bt cotton is an example of a
genetically modified organism (GMO) used in agriculture to resist pest damage
due to the presence of a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis.
Answer: B
Explanation: DNA polymerase is used in
PCR to amplify specific DNA sequences by adding nucleotides to the
growing DNA strand.
Answer: B
Explanation: A plasmid is a circular
piece of DNA found in bacteria and is used as a vector for gene
cloning.
Answer: B
Explanation: The gene gun is used to transfer
genetic material into plant cells by firing DNA-coated particles into the plant
cells.
Answer: A
Explanation: DNA probes are used to
identify a gene of interest in a recombinant DNA library by hybridizing
with complementary sequences.
Answer: B
Explanation: Sticky ends are overhangs that
help DNA fragments adhere to each other by complementary base
pairing, making the ligation process easier.
Answer: B
Explanation: Methanogenic bacteria are used in
biogas production, as they break down organic matter and
release methane.
Answer: A
Explanation: Cloning is the process of
obtaining a single colony of cells from a single bacterium or a
single cell.
Answer: B
Explanation: The host cell is used to
replicate the inserted gene or produce the product encoded by the
recombinant DNA.
Answer: A
Explanation: Antibiotics are secondary
metabolites produced by microorganisms during their growth phase and
are used to treat infections.
Answer: B
Explanation: The promoter sequence is used to
initiate the expression of the gene of interest in recombinant
DNA technology.
Answer: B
Explanation: PCR requires a special
heat-stable DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase) to amplify DNA.
Answer: C
Explanation: The selectable marker gene helps
to identify and select the transformed cells that carry the
recombinant DNA.
Answer: C
Explanation: Agrobacterium tumefaciens is
widely used for the genetic transformation of plant cells,
transferring foreign genes into them.
Answer: A
Explanation: CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful
gene-editing tool used to precisely alter the DNA at specific
locations in the genome.
Answer: B
Explanation: The lac operon is used in
bacterial transformation for regulating the expression of genes,
typically in Escherichia coli.
Answer: A
Explanation: Genetically modified crops, like Golden
Rice, offer higher nutritional value, as they can be
engineered to contain additional vitamins or nutrients.
Answer: C
Explanation: While biocontrol agents are used
in agriculture, they are not directly an application of genetic
engineering but rather involve the use of natural predators or
pathogens to control pests.
Answer: B
Explanation: A transgenic organism is an
organism that has genes from a different species inserted into
its genome.
Answer: B
Explanation: Antibiotics are used as
selective markers in recombinant DNA technology to identify cells that
have successfully incorporated recombinant DNA.
Answer: C
Explanation: Microorganisms are generally advantageous in
biotechnology for fast growth, high yield, and
genetic manipulation, but they cannot synthesize
complex products as efficiently as other systems like plants or
animals.
Answer: B
Explanation: The Ti plasmid of
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is commonly used in the genetic
transformation of plants.
Answer: A
Explanation: Microbial fermentation is widely
used in food production for making products like yogurt, bread,
and alcoholic beverages.
Answer: B
Explanation: Gel electrophoresis is used to
separate DNA fragments based on their size by
applying an electric field.