Case: Carbohydrates are one of the primary macromolecules found in living organisms, and they are the most abundant source of energy. Simple carbohydrates, such as glucose, are used directly for energy, while complex carbohydrates, like starch and glycogen, act as energy reserves. The basic structural units of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, which can combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides. Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is an important monosaccharide that provides energy in cellular respiration. The storage forms of glucose, starch in plants, and glycogen in animals, serve as energy reserves.
Questions:
Which of the following is a monosaccharide?
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in:
The polymer of glucose that is used for energy storage in plants is:
Which of the following is a disaccharide?
Case: Proteins are complex molecules made up of amino acids and are vital for the structure, function, and regulation of cells, tissues, and organs. Enzymes, antibodies, and hormones are all types of proteins with specific functions. The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its structure and function. The four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. For example, hemoglobin, a quaternary structure protein, carries oxygen in the blood, while enzymes like amylase catalyze the breakdown of starch into sugars.
Questions:
The primary structure of a protein is determined by:
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?
The functional form of hemoglobin is:
Which of the following proteins acts as a biological catalyst?
Case: Nucleic acids, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are essential for the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information. DNA is a double-stranded helix, while RNA is single-stranded. DNA stores the genetic blueprint, while RNA is involved in protein synthesis. DNA consists of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G), which pair specifically (A with T, C with G). RNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymine. The process of transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from DNA, and translation is the synthesis of proteins from RNA.
Questions:
Which of the following pairs of nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?
The process of transcription in protein synthesis involves the synthesis of:
The function of mRNA in protein synthesis is to:
Which of the following is true about RNA?
Case: Lipids are hydrophobic or amphiphilic molecules that play a variety of essential roles in the body, including energy storage, insulation, and the formation of cell membranes. The most common types of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. Triglycerides are made up of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. Phospholipids, which contain a phosphate group, are key components of cell membranes, forming bilayers that separate the internal cell environment from the external environment. Steroids, such as cholesterol, are important in maintaining cell membrane fluidity and are precursors to hormones.
Questions:
The primary function of triglycerides in the human body is:
Which of the following is a characteristic of phospholipids?
Cholesterol is an example of which type of lipid?
Which of the following is true about lipids?
Case: Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential for normal growth and metabolism. They are required in small quantities for various biochemical processes in the body. There are two types of vitamins: fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and water-soluble (B-complex and C). Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues, while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and need to be replenished regularly. For example, Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) plays a role in collagen synthesis and acts as an antioxidant, while Vitamin D helps in calcium absorption and bone health.
Questions:
Which of the following vitamins is water-soluble?
Vitamin D is important for:
Which of the following vitamins is a fat-soluble vitamin?
Deficiency of which vitamin leads to scurvy?