ROUTERA


Bohr's Model and Physics of the Atom

Class 12th Concepts Of Physics Part 2 HC Verma Solution


Page No 382:

Question 1:

Answer:

Balmer series contains wavelengths ranging from 364 nm (for n2 = 3) to 655 nm (n2= ).
So, the given range of wavelength (380−780 nm) lies in the Balmer series.
The wavelength in the Balmer series can be found by
1λ=R122-1n2
Here, R =  Rydberg's constant = 1.097×107 m-1

The wavelength for the transition from n = 3 to n = 2 is given by
1λ1=R122-132λ1=656.3 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 4 to n = 2 is given by
1λ2=R122-142λ2=486.1 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 5 to n = 2 is given by
1λ3=R122-152λ3=434.0 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 6 to n = 2 is given by
1λ4=R122-162λ4=410.2 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 7 to n = 2 is given by
1λ5=R122-172λ5=397.0 nm

Thus, the wavelengths emitted by the atomic hydrogen in visible range (380−780 nm) are 5.
Lyman series contains wavelengths ranging from 91 nm (for n2 = 2) to 121 nm (n2 =).
So, the wavelengths in the given range (50−100 nm) must lie in the Lyman series.
The wavelength in the Lyman series can be found by
1λ=R112-1n2

The wavelength for the transition from n = 2 to n = 1 is given by
1λ1=R112-122λ1=122 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 3 to n = 1 is given by
1λ2=R112-122λ2=103 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 4 to n = 1 is given by
1λ3=R112-142λ3=97.3 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 5 to n = 1 is given by
1λ4=R112-152λ4=95.0 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 6 to n = 1 is given by
1λ5=R112-162λ5=93.8 nm

So, it can be noted that the number of wavelengths lying between 50 nm to 100 nm are 3.

Page No 382:

Question 2:

Balmer series contains wavelengths ranging from 364 nm (for n2 = 3) to 655 nm (n2= ).
So, the given range of wavelength (380−780 nm) lies in the Balmer series.
The wavelength in the Balmer series can be found by
1λ=R122-1n2
Here, R =  Rydberg's constant = 1.097×107 m-1

The wavelength for the transition from n = 3 to n = 2 is given by
1λ1=R122-132λ1=656.3 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 4 to n = 2 is given by
1λ2=R122-142λ2=486.1 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 5 to n = 2 is given by
1λ3=R122-152λ3=434.0 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 6 to n = 2 is given by
1λ4=R122-162λ4=410.2 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 7 to n = 2 is given by
1λ5=R122-172λ5=397.0 nm

Thus, the wavelengths emitted by the atomic hydrogen in visible range (380−780 nm) are 5.
Lyman series contains wavelengths ranging from 91 nm (for n2 = 2) to 121 nm (n2 =).
So, the wavelengths in the given range (50−100 nm) must lie in the Lyman series.
The wavelength in the Lyman series can be found by
1λ=R112-1n2

The wavelength for the transition from n = 2 to n = 1 is given by
1λ1=R112-122λ1=122 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 3 to n = 1 is given by
1λ2=R112-122λ2=103 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 4 to n = 1 is given by
1λ3=R112-142λ3=97.3 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 5 to n = 1 is given by
1λ4=R112-152λ4=95.0 nm
The wavelength for the transition from n = 6 to n = 1 is given by
1λ5=R112-162λ5=93.8 nm

So, it can be noted that the number of wavelengths lying between 50 nm to 100 nm are 3.

Answer:

The energy of hydrogen ion is given by
En=-(13.6 eV) Z2n2
For the first excited state (n = 2), the energy of He+ ion (with Z = 2) will be -13.6 eV. This is same as the ground state energy of a hydrogen atom.
Similarly, for all the hydrogen like ions, the energy of the (n - 1)th excited state will be same as the ground state energy of a hydrogen atom if Z = n.

Page No 382:

Question 3:

The energy of hydrogen ion is given by
En=-(13.6 eV) Z2n2
For the first excited state (n = 2), the energy of He+ ion (with Z = 2) will be -13.6 eV. This is same as the ground state energy of a hydrogen atom.
Similarly, for all the hydrogen like ions, the energy of the (n - 1)th excited state will be same as the ground state energy of a hydrogen atom if Z = n.

Answer:

As the electron collides, it transfers all its energy to the hydrogen atom.
The excitation energy to raise the electron from the ground state to the nth state is given by
E=(13.6 eV)×112-1n2
Substituting n = 2, we get
E  = 10.2 eV
Substituting n = 3, we get
E'  = 12.08 eV

Thus, the atom will be raised to the second excited energy level.
So, when it comes to the ground state, there is transitions from n = 3 to n = 1.
Therefore, the wavelengths emitted will lie in the Lyman series (infrared region).

Page No 382:

Question 4:

As the electron collides, it transfers all its energy to the hydrogen atom.
The excitation energy to raise the electron from the ground state to the nth state is given by
E=(13.6 eV)×112-1n2
Substituting n = 2, we get
E  = 10.2 eV
Substituting n = 3, we get
E'  = 12.08 eV

Thus, the atom will be raised to the second excited energy level.
So, when it comes to the ground state, there is transitions from n = 3 to n = 1.
Therefore, the wavelengths emitted will lie in the Lyman series (infrared region).

Answer:

White radiations are x-rays that have energy ranging between 5-10 eV.
When white radiation is passed through a sample of hydrogen gas at room temperature, absorption lines are observed only in the Lyman series.
At room temperature, almost all the atoms are in ground state.
The minimum energy required for absorption is 10.2 eV (for a transition from n = 1 to n = 2).
The white radiation has photon radiations that have an energy of around 10.2 eV.
So, they are just sufficient to transmit an electron from n = 1 to n = 2 level.
Hence, the absorption lines are observed only in the Lyman series.



Page No 383:

Question 5:

White radiations are x-rays that have energy ranging between 5-10 eV.
When white radiation is passed through a sample of hydrogen gas at room temperature, absorption lines are observed only in the Lyman series.
At room temperature, almost all the atoms are in ground state.
The minimum energy required for absorption is 10.2 eV (for a transition from n = 1 to n = 2).
The white radiation has photon radiations that have an energy of around 10.2 eV.
So, they are just sufficient to transmit an electron from n = 1 to n = 2 level.
Hence, the absorption lines are observed only in the Lyman series.

Answer:

The Balmer series lies in the visible range. Therefore, it was observed and analysed before the other series. The wavelength range of Balmer series is from 364 nm (for n2 =) to 655 nm (for n2 =3).

Page No 383:

Question 6:

The Balmer series lies in the visible range. Therefore, it was observed and analysed before the other series. The wavelength range of Balmer series is from 364 nm (for n2 =) to 655 nm (for n2 =3).

Answer:

Energy of nth state of hydrogen is given by
En = -13.6n2 eV
Energy of first excited state (n = 2) of hydrogen, E1 = -13.64 eV = -3.4 eV
This relation holds true when the refrence point energy is zero.Usually the refrence point energy is the energy of the atom when the electron is widely separated from the proton.In the given question, the potential energy of the atom is taken to be 10 eV when the electron is widely separated from the proton so here our refrence point energy is 10 eV. Earlier The energy of first excited state was -3.4 eV when the refrence point had zero energy but now as the refrence point has shifted so The energy of the first excited state will also shift by the corresponding amount.Thus,
E1, = -3.4 eV-10 eV = -13.4 eV
We still write En = E1/n2, or rn = a0n2 because these formulas are independent of the refrence point enegy.   

Page No 383:

Question 7:

Energy of nth state of hydrogen is given by
En = -13.6n2 eV
Energy of first excited state (n = 2) of hydrogen, E1 = -13.64 eV = -3.4 eV
This relation holds true when the refrence point energy is zero.Usually the refrence point energy is the energy of the atom when the electron is widely separated from the proton.In the given question, the potential energy of the atom is taken to be 10 eV when the electron is widely separated from the proton so here our refrence point energy is 10 eV. Earlier The energy of first excited state was -3.4 eV when the refrence point had zero energy but now as the refrence point has shifted so The energy of the first excited state will also shift by the corresponding amount.Thus,
E1, = -3.4 eV-10 eV = -13.4 eV
We still write En = E1/n2, or rn = a0n2 because these formulas are independent of the refrence point enegy.   

Answer:

The 'series limit' refers to the 'shortest wavelength' (corresponding to the maximum photon energy).

The frequency of the radiation emitted for transition from n1 to n2  is given by
f=k1n12-1n22
Here, k is a constant.

For the series limit of Lyman series,
n1 = 1
n2 =

Frequency, f1=k112-1=k

For the first line of Lyman series,
n1 = 1
n2 = 2

Frequency, f2=k112-122=3k4

For series limit of Balmer series,
n1 = 2
n2 =

f1=k122-1=k4

f1-f3= f2

Thus, the difference in the frequencies of series limit of Lyman series and Balmer series is equal to the frequency of the first line of the Lyman series.

Page No 383:

Question 8:

The 'series limit' refers to the 'shortest wavelength' (corresponding to the maximum photon energy).

The frequency of the radiation emitted for transition from n1 to n2  is given by
f=k1n12-1n22
Here, k is a constant.

For the series limit of Lyman series,
n1 = 1
n2 =

Frequency, f1=k112-1=k

For the first line of Lyman series,
n1 = 1
n2 = 2

Frequency, f2=k112-122=3k4

For series limit of Balmer series,
n1 = 2
n2 =

f1=k122-1=k4

f1-f3= f2

Thus, the difference in the frequencies of series limit of Lyman series and Balmer series is equal to the frequency of the first line of the Lyman series.

Answer:

The electron volt is the amount of energy given to an electron in order to move it through the electric potential difference of one volt.
1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J
The numerical value of ionisation energy in eV is equal to the ionisation potential in volts. The equality does not hold if these quantities are measured in some other units.

Page No 383:

Question 9:

The electron volt is the amount of energy given to an electron in order to move it through the electric potential difference of one volt.
1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J
The numerical value of ionisation energy in eV is equal to the ionisation potential in volts. The equality does not hold if these quantities are measured in some other units.

Answer:

When a photon of energy (E2E1 = hυ) is incident on an atom in the ground state, the atom in the ground state E1 may absorb the photon and jump to a higher energy state (E2). This process is called stimulated absorption or induced absorption.

Spontaneous absorption is the process by which an atom in its ground state spontaneously jumps to a higher energy state, resulting in the absorption of a photon.
We do not have any process such as spontaneous absorption. This is because for absorption, we need to incident a photon of sufficient energy on the atom to stimulate the atom for absorption.

Page No 383:

Question 10:

When a photon of energy (E2E1 = hυ) is incident on an atom in the ground state, the atom in the ground state E1 may absorb the photon and jump to a higher energy state (E2). This process is called stimulated absorption or induced absorption.

Spontaneous absorption is the process by which an atom in its ground state spontaneously jumps to a higher energy state, resulting in the absorption of a photon.
We do not have any process such as spontaneous absorption. This is because for absorption, we need to incident a photon of sufficient energy on the atom to stimulate the atom for absorption.

Answer:

When an atom transits from an excited state to ground state in the presence of an external radiation then it is called as stimulated transition.
When an atom transits from an excited state to ground state on its own then it is called as spontaneous transition.
Ratio of the coefficient for stimulated transition to spontaneous transition is given by
R = ABρ(ν) = ehνkT-1
For microwave region
ν = 1010  (say)R = e6.6×10-34×10101.38×10-23×300-1=e0.0016-1=0.0016
This implies that stimulated transition dominate in this region.
For visible region
ν = 1015R = e160-1R>>1
So here spontaneous transition dominate.

Page No 383:

Question 1:

When an atom transits from an excited state to ground state in the presence of an external radiation then it is called as stimulated transition.
When an atom transits from an excited state to ground state on its own then it is called as spontaneous transition.
Ratio of the coefficient for stimulated transition to spontaneous transition is given by
R = ABρ(ν) = ehνkT-1
For microwave region
ν = 1010  (say)R = e6.6×10-34×10101.38×10-23×300-1=e0.0016-1=0.0016
This implies that stimulated transition dominate in this region.
For visible region
ν = 1015R = e160-1R>>1
So here spontaneous transition dominate.

Answer:

(c) h/2π

According to Bohr's atomic theory, the orbital angular momentum of an electron is an integral multiplt of h/2π.
∴  Ln=nh2π

Here,
n = Principal quantum number

The minimum value of n is 1.
Thus, the minimum value of the orbital angular momentum of the electron in a hydrogen atom is given by
L=h2π

Page No 383:

Question 2:

(c) h/2π

According to Bohr's atomic theory, the orbital angular momentum of an electron is an integral multiplt of h/2π.
∴  Ln=nh2π

Here,
n = Principal quantum number

The minimum value of n is 1.
Thus, the minimum value of the orbital angular momentum of the electron in a hydrogen atom is given by
L=h2π

Answer:

(d) either two atoms or three atoms

The energies of the photons emitted can be expressed as follows:
13.6112-122 eV = 10.2 eV
13.6112-132 eV = 12.1 eV
13.6122-132 eV = 1.9 eV

The following table gives the transition corresponding to the energy of the photon:
 

Energy of photon Transition
 12.1 eV  n =  3 to n = 1
 10.2 eV  n =  2 to n = 1
 1.9 eV  n =  3 to n = 2

A hydrogen atom consists of only one electron. An electron can have transitions, like from n =  3 to n = 2 or from n =  2 to n = 1, at a time.

So, it can be concluded that the photons are emitted either from three atoms (when all the three transitions of electrons are in different atoms) or from two atoms (when an atom has n =  3 to n = 2 and then n =  2 to n = 1 electronic transition and the other has n =  3 to n = 1 electronic transition).

Page No 383:

Question 3:

(d) either two atoms or three atoms

The energies of the photons emitted can be expressed as follows:
13.6112-122 eV = 10.2 eV
13.6112-132 eV = 12.1 eV
13.6122-132 eV = 1.9 eV

The following table gives the transition corresponding to the energy of the photon:
 

Energy of photon Transition
 12.1 eV  n =  3 to n = 1
 10.2 eV  n =  2 to n = 1
 1.9 eV  n =  3 to n = 2

A hydrogen atom consists of only one electron. An electron can have transitions, like from n =  3 to n = 2 or from n =  2 to n = 1, at a time.

So, it can be concluded that the photons are emitted either from three atoms (when all the three transitions of electrons are in different atoms) or from two atoms (when an atom has n =  3 to n = 2 and then n =  2 to n = 1 electronic transition and the other has n =  3 to n = 1 electronic transition).

Answer:

(c) 10−42N-m

The angular momentum of the electron for the nth state is given by
Ln=nh2π
Angular momentum of the electron for n = 3, Li=3h2π

Angular momentum of the electron for n = 2, Lf=2h2π

The torque is the time rate of change of the angular momentum.
Torque, τ=Lf-Lit           =(2h/2π)-(3h/2π)10-8           =-(h/2π)10-8           =-10-3410-8            h2π10-34 J-s           =-10-42 N-m
The magnitude of the torque is 10-42 N-m.

Page No 383:

Question 4:

(c) 10−42N-m

The angular momentum of the electron for the nth state is given by
Ln=nh2π
Angular momentum of the electron for n = 3, Li=3h2π

Angular momentum of the electron for n = 2, Lf=2h2π

The torque is the time rate of change of the angular momentum.
Torque, τ=Lf-Lit           =(2h/2π)-(3h/2π)10-8           =-(h/2π)10-8           =-10-3410-8            h2π10-34 J-s           =-10-42 N-m
The magnitude of the torque is 10-42 N-m.

Answer:

(d) n = 2 to n = 1

For the transition in the hydrogen-like atom, the wavelength of the emitted radiation is calculated by

1λ=RZ21n1-1n2
Here, R is the Rydberg constant.

For the transition from n = 5 to n = 4, the wavelength is given by
1λ=RZ2142-152λ=4009RZ2


For the transition from n = 4 to n = 3, the wavelength is given by
1λ=RZ2132-142λ=1447RZ2


For the transition from n = 3 to n = 2, the wavelength is given by
1λ=RZ2122-132λ=365RZ2


For the transition from n = 2 to n = 1, the wavelength is given by
1λ=RZ2112-122λ=2RZ2

From the above calculations, it can be observed that the wavelength of the radiation emitted for the transition from n = 2 to n = 1 will be minimum.

Page No 383:

Question 5:

(d) n = 2 to n = 1

For the transition in the hydrogen-like atom, the wavelength of the emitted radiation is calculated by

1λ=RZ21n1-1n2
Here, R is the Rydberg constant.

For the transition from n = 5 to n = 4, the wavelength is given by
1λ=RZ2142-152λ=4009RZ2


For the transition from n = 4 to n = 3, the wavelength is given by
1λ=RZ2132-142λ=1447RZ2


For the transition from n = 3 to n = 2, the wavelength is given by
1λ=RZ2122-132λ=365RZ2


For the transition from n = 2 to n = 1, the wavelength is given by
1λ=RZ2112-122λ=2RZ2

From the above calculations, it can be observed that the wavelength of the radiation emitted for the transition from n = 2 to n = 1 will be minimum.

Answer:

(d) Doubly ionized lithium

For a hydrogen-like ion with Z protons in the nucleus, the radius of the nth state is given by

rn=n2a0Z

Here, a0 = 0.53 pm

For lithium,
Z = 3
Therefore, the radius of the first orbit for doubly ionised lithium will be minimum.

Page No 383:

Question 6:

(d) Doubly ionized lithium

For a hydrogen-like ion with Z protons in the nucleus, the radius of the nth state is given by

rn=n2a0Z

Here, a0 = 0.53 pm

For lithium,
Z = 3
Therefore, the radius of the first orbit for doubly ionised lithium will be minimum.

Answer:

(d) Doubly ionized lithium

The wavelength corresponding the transition from n2 to n1 is given by
1λ=RZ21n12-1n22
Here,
R = Rydberg constant
Z = Atomic number of the ion

From the given formula, it can be observed that the wavelength is inversely proportional to the square of the atomic number.
Therefore, the wavelength corresponding to n = 2 to n = 1 will be minimum in doubly ionized lithium ion because for lithium, Z = 3.

Page No 383:

Question 7:

(d) Doubly ionized lithium

The wavelength corresponding the transition from n2 to n1 is given by
1λ=RZ21n12-1n22
Here,
R = Rydberg constant
Z = Atomic number of the ion

From the given formula, it can be observed that the wavelength is inversely proportional to the square of the atomic number.
Therefore, the wavelength corresponding to n = 2 to n = 1 will be minimum in doubly ionized lithium ion because for lithium, Z = 3.

Answer:

(c)

The speed (v) of electron can be expressed as
v=Ze220hn    ....(1)
Here,
Z = Number of protons in the nucleus
e = Magnitude of charge on electron charge
n = Principal quantum number
h = Planck's constant

It can be observed from equation (1) that the velocity of electron is inversely proportional to the principal quantum number (n).
Therefore, the graph between them must be a rectangular hyperbola.
The correct curve is (c).

Page No 383:

Question 8:

(c)

The speed (v) of electron can be expressed as
v=Ze220hn    ....(1)
Here,
Z = Number of protons in the nucleus
e = Magnitude of charge on electron charge
n = Principal quantum number
h = Planck's constant

It can be observed from equation (1) that the velocity of electron is inversely proportional to the principal quantum number (n).
Therefore, the graph between them must be a rectangular hyperbola.
The correct curve is (c).

Answer:

(b) increases

The electric potential energy of hydrogen atom with electron at the nth state is given by
V=-2×13.6n2
As the value of n increases, the potential energy of the hydrogen atom also increases, i.e. the atom becomes less bound as n increases.

Page No 383:

Question 9:

(b) increases

The electric potential energy of hydrogen atom with electron at the nth state is given by
V=-2×13.6n2
As the value of n increases, the potential energy of the hydrogen atom also increases, i.e. the atom becomes less bound as n increases.

Answer:

(c) He+

The total energy of a hydrogen-like ion, having Z protons in its nucleus, is given by
E=-13.6Z2n2 eV

Here, n = Principal quantum number

For ground state,
n = 1
∴ Total energy, E- 13.6 Z2 eV

For hydrogen,
Z = 1
∴ Total energy, E = - 13.6 eV

For deuterium,
Z = 1
∴ Total energy, E- 13.6 eV

For He+,
Z = 2
 ∴ Total energy, E- 13.6×22- 54.4 eV

For Li++,
Z = 3
∴ Total energy, E- 13.6×32 = - 122.4 eV

Hence, the ion having an energy of −54.4 eV in its ground state may be He+.

Page No 383:

Question 10:

(c) He+

The total energy of a hydrogen-like ion, having Z protons in its nucleus, is given by
E=-13.6Z2n2 eV

Here, n = Principal quantum number

For ground state,
n = 1
∴ Total energy, E- 13.6 Z2 eV

For hydrogen,
Z = 1
∴ Total energy, E = - 13.6 eV

For deuterium,
Z = 1
∴ Total energy, E- 13.6 eV

For He+,
Z = 2
 ∴ Total energy, E- 13.6×22- 54.4 eV

For Li++,
Z = 3
∴ Total energy, E- 13.6×32 = - 122.4 eV

Hence, the ion having an energy of −54.4 eV in its ground state may be He+.

Answer:

(d) Li++

The radius of the nth orbit in one electron system is given by
rn=n2a0Z

Here, a0 = 53 pm

For the shortest orbit,
n = 1

For hydrogen,
Z = 1

∴ Radius of the first state of hydrogen atom = 53 pm


For deuterium,
Z= 1

∴ Radius of the first state of deuterium atom = 53 pm


For He+,
Z = 2

∴ Radius of He+ atom = 532 pm =26.5 pm


For Li++,
Z = 3

∴ Radius of Li++ atom = 533 pm =17.66 pm18 pm

The given one-electron system having radius of the shortest orbit to be 18 pm may be Li++.

Page No 383:

Question 11:

(d) Li++

The radius of the nth orbit in one electron system is given by
rn=n2a0Z

Here, a0 = 53 pm

For the shortest orbit,
n = 1

For hydrogen,
Z = 1

∴ Radius of the first state of hydrogen atom = 53 pm


For deuterium,
Z= 1

∴ Radius of the first state of deuterium atom = 53 pm


For He+,
Z = 2

∴ Radius of He+ atom = 532 pm =26.5 pm


For Li++,
Z = 3

∴ Radius of Li++ atom = 533 pm =17.66 pm18 pm

The given one-electron system having radius of the shortest orbit to be 18 pm may be Li++.

Answer:

(a) 1.05 × 10−34 J s

Let after absorption of energy, the hydrogen atom goes to the nth excited state.

Therefore, the energy absorbed can be written as
10.2=13.6×112-1n210.213.6=1-1n21n2=13.6-10.213.61n2=3.413.6n2=4n=2

The orbital angular momentum of the electron in the nth state is given by
Ln=nh2π
Change in the angular momentum, L=2h2π-h2π=h2π
L=1.05×10-34 Js

Page No 383:

Question 12:

(a) 1.05 × 10−34 J s

Let after absorption of energy, the hydrogen atom goes to the nth excited state.

Therefore, the energy absorbed can be written as
10.2=13.6×112-1n210.213.6=1-1n21n2=13.6-10.213.61n2=3.413.6n2=4n=2

The orbital angular momentum of the electron in the nth state is given by
Ln=nh2π
Change in the angular momentum, L=2h2π-h2π=h2π
L=1.05×10-34 Js

Answer:

(d) Orbital angular momentum of the electron

According to Bohr's atomic theory, the orbital angular momentum of an electron in a one-electron system is given by
Ln=nh2π

Here,
n = Principal quantum number

The angular momentum is independent of the atomic number of the one-electron system. Therefore, it is same for all hydrogen-like atoms and ions in their ground states.
The other parameters given here are dependent on the atomic number of the hydrogen-like atom or ion taken.

Page No 383:

Question 13:

(d) Orbital angular momentum of the electron

According to Bohr's atomic theory, the orbital angular momentum of an electron in a one-electron system is given by
Ln=nh2π

Here,
n = Principal quantum number

The angular momentum is independent of the atomic number of the one-electron system. Therefore, it is same for all hydrogen-like atoms and ions in their ground states.
The other parameters given here are dependent on the atomic number of the hydrogen-like atom or ion taken.

Answer:

(d) move with same speed

All the photons emitted in the laser move with the speed equal to the speed of light (c = 3×108 m/s).

Ideally, the light wave through the laser must be coherent, but in practical laser tubes, there is some deviation from the ideal result. Thus, the photons emitted by the laser have little variations in their wavelengths and energies as well as the directions, but the velocity of all the photons remains same.

Page No 383:

Question 1:

(d) move with same speed

All the photons emitted in the laser move with the speed equal to the speed of light (c = 3×108 m/s).

Ideally, the light wave through the laser must be coherent, but in practical laser tubes, there is some deviation from the ideal result. Thus, the photons emitted by the laser have little variations in their wavelengths and energies as well as the directions, but the velocity of all the photons remains same.

Answer:

(b) the temperature of hydrogen is much smaller than that of the star

The number of lines of the hydrogen spectrum depends on the excitation of the hydrogen atom. This is dependent on the heat energy absorbed by the hydrogen atoms. More the temperature of the hydrogen sample, more is the heat energy. The temperature of hydrogen at the star is much more than that can be produced in the laboratory. Hence, less number of lines are observed in the hydrogen spectrum in the laboratory than that in a star.



Page No 384:

Question 2:

(b) the temperature of hydrogen is much smaller than that of the star

The number of lines of the hydrogen spectrum depends on the excitation of the hydrogen atom. This is dependent on the heat energy absorbed by the hydrogen atoms. More the temperature of the hydrogen sample, more is the heat energy. The temperature of hydrogen at the star is much more than that can be produced in the laboratory. Hence, less number of lines are observed in the hydrogen spectrum in the laboratory than that in a star.

Answer:

(a) must be elastic.
The minimum energy required to excite a hydrogen atom from its ground state to 1st excited state is approximately 10 eV. As the incident electron energy is not sufficient for excitation of the hydrogen atom so electron will not get absorbed in the hydrogen atom so it can not be an inelastic collision. Also this collision can not be partially elastic because in an partially elestic collision, there is a net loss on kinetic energy. If the energy is lost then corresponding amount of heat shlould have been produced but it is not so which implies that the collision is completely elastic. 

Page No 384:

Question 3:

(a) must be elastic.
The minimum energy required to excite a hydrogen atom from its ground state to 1st excited state is approximately 10 eV. As the incident electron energy is not sufficient for excitation of the hydrogen atom so electron will not get absorbed in the hydrogen atom so it can not be an inelastic collision. Also this collision can not be partially elastic because in an partially elestic collision, there is a net loss on kinetic energy. If the energy is lost then corresponding amount of heat shlould have been produced but it is not so which implies that the collision is completely elastic. 

Answer:

(a) vn
(b) Er
Relations for energy, radius of the orbit and its velocity are given by
E = -mZ2e4802h2n2r = 0h2n2πmZe2v= Ze220hn
Where
Z : the atomic number of hydrogen like atom
e : electric charge
h : plank constant
m : mass of electron
n : principal quantam number of the electron
0 : permittivity of vacuum
From these relations, we can see that the products independent of n are  vn, Er.

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Question 4:

(a) vn
(b) Er
Relations for energy, radius of the orbit and its velocity are given by
E = -mZ2e4802h2n2r = 0h2n2πmZe2v= Ze220hn
Where
Z : the atomic number of hydrogen like atom
e : electric charge
h : plank constant
m : mass of electron
n : principal quantam number of the electron
0 : permittivity of vacuum
From these relations, we can see that the products independent of n are  vn, Er.

Answer:

(a) will pass through the origin
(b) will be a straight line with slope 4

The radius of the nth orbit of a hydrogen atom is given by
rn=n2a0
Area of the nth orbit is given by
An = πrn2 = πn4a02A1 = πa02lnAnA1= lnπn4a02πa02lnAnA1= 4ln n   ...(1)
From the above expression, the graph of ln (An/A1) against ln(n) will be a straight line passing through the origin and having slope 4.

Page No 384:

Question 5:

(a) will pass through the origin
(b) will be a straight line with slope 4

The radius of the nth orbit of a hydrogen atom is given by
rn=n2a0
Area of the nth orbit is given by
An = πrn2 = πn4a02A1 = πa02lnAnA1= lnπn4a02πa02lnAnA1= 4ln n   ...(1)
From the above expression, the graph of ln (An/A1) against ln(n) will be a straight line passing through the origin and having slope 4.

Answer:

(b) uA > uB
The ionisation energy of a hydrogen like ion of atomic number Z is given by
V=(13.6 eV)×Z2

Thus, the atomic number of ion A is greater than that of B (ZA > ZB).
The radius of the orbit is inversely proportional to the atomic number of the ion.
rA > rB
Thus, (a) is incorrect.
The speed of electron is directly proportional to the atomic number.
Therefore, the speed of the electron in the orbit of A will be more than that in B.
Thus, uA > uBis correct.
The total energy of the atom is given by
E=-mZ2e280h2n2
As the energy is directly proportional to Z2, the energy of A will be less than that of B, i.e.  EA < EB.
The orbital angular momentum of the electron is independent of the atomic number.
Therefore, the relation LA > LB is invalid.

Page No 384:

Question 6:

(b) uA > uB
The ionisation energy of a hydrogen like ion of atomic number Z is given by
V=(13.6 eV)×Z2

Thus, the atomic number of ion A is greater than that of B (ZA > ZB).
The radius of the orbit is inversely proportional to the atomic number of the ion.
rA > rB
Thus, (a) is incorrect.
The speed of electron is directly proportional to the atomic number.
Therefore, the speed of the electron in the orbit of A will be more than that in B.
Thus, uA > uBis correct.
The total energy of the atom is given by
E=-mZ2e280h2n2
As the energy is directly proportional to Z2, the energy of A will be less than that of B, i.e.  EA < EB.
The orbital angular momentum of the electron is independent of the atomic number.
Therefore, the relation LA > LB is invalid.

Answer:

(a) same energy
(b) same direction
(c) same phase
(d) same wavelength

When a photon stimulates the emission of another photon, the two photons have same energy, direction, phase, and wavelength or we can say that the two photons are coherent.
When an atom is present in its excited state then if a photon of energy equal to the energy gap between the excited state and any lower stable state is incident on this atom then the atom transits from upper state to the lower stable state by emitting a photon of energy equal to the energy gap between the two states. It is called stimulated emission. The emitted photon and incident photon have same energy and hence same wavelength. Also these two photons will be in phase and in the same direction. This process of producing monochromatic  and unidirectional light is called lasing action.

Page No 384:

Question 1:

(a) same energy
(b) same direction
(c) same phase
(d) same wavelength

When a photon stimulates the emission of another photon, the two photons have same energy, direction, phase, and wavelength or we can say that the two photons are coherent.
When an atom is present in its excited state then if a photon of energy equal to the energy gap between the excited state and any lower stable state is incident on this atom then the atom transits from upper state to the lower stable state by emitting a photon of energy equal to the energy gap between the two states. It is called stimulated emission. The emitted photon and incident photon have same energy and hence same wavelength. Also these two photons will be in phase and in the same direction. This process of producing monochromatic  and unidirectional light is called lasing action.

Answer:

The dimensions of ε0 can be derived from the formula given below:

a=ε0 h2πme2=A2T2ML2T-12L2ML-2MAT2=M2L2T-2M2L3T-2=L

Clearly, a0 has the dimensions of length.

Page No 384:

Question 2:

The dimensions of ε0 can be derived from the formula given below:

a=ε0 h2πme2=A2T2ML2T-12L2ML-2MAT2=M2L2T-2M2L3T-2=L

Clearly, a0 has the dimensions of length.

Answer:

From Balmer empirical formula, the wavelength λ of the radiation is given by
1λ=R1n12-1n22
Here, R = Rydberg constant = 1.097×10m-1 
           n1 = Quantum number of final state
           n2 = Quantum number of initial state
(a)
For transition from n = 3 to n = 2:

Here,
n1 = 2
n2 = 3

 1λ=1.09737×107×14-19 λ=365×1.09737×107      =6.56×10-7=656 nm

(b)
For transition from n = 5 to n = 4:

Here,
n1 = 4
n2 = 5

1λ=1.09737×10-7 116-125 λ=4001.09737×107×9      =4050 nm

(c)
For transition from n = 10 to n = 9:

Here,
n1 = 9
n2 = 10

1λ=1.09737×107 181-1100λ=81×10019×1.09737×107  =38849 nm

Page No 384:

Question 3:

From Balmer empirical formula, the wavelength λ of the radiation is given by
1λ=R1n12-1n22
Here, R = Rydberg constant = 1.097×10m-1 
           n1 = Quantum number of final state
           n2 = Quantum number of initial state
(a)
For transition from n = 3 to n = 2:

Here,
n1 = 2
n2 = 3

 1λ=1.09737×107×14-19 λ=365×1.09737×107      =6.56×10-7=656 nm

(b)
For transition from n = 5 to n = 4:

Here,
n1 = 4
n2 = 5

1λ=1.09737×10-7 116-125 λ=4001.09737×107×9      =4050 nm

(c)
For transition from n = 10 to n = 9:

Here,
n1 = 9
n2 = 10

1λ=1.09737×107 181-1100λ=81×10019×1.09737×107  =38849 nm

Answer:

Given:
For the smallest wavelength, energy should be maximum.
Thus, for maximum energy, transition should be from infinity to the ground state.

n1= 1 
n2 

(a) Wavelength of the radiation emitted λ is given by
1λ=RZ21n12-1n22

For hydrogen,
Atomic number, Z = 1
R = Rydberg constant = 1.097×107 m-1

On substituting the respective values,          
λ=11.097×107=11.097×10-7 =0.911×10-7 =91.1×10-9=91 nm

(b)
For He+,
Atomic number, Z = 2
Wavelength of the radiation emitted by He(λ) is given by
1λ=RZ21n12-1n22
1λ=22(1.097×107) 112-12
 λ=91 nm4=23 nm

(c) For Li++,
 Atomic number, Z = 3
Wavelength of the radiation emitted by  Li++ (λ) is given by
1λ=RZ21n12-1n22
1λ=32×(1.097×107) 112-12
λ=91 nmZ2=919=10 nm

Page No 384:

Question 4:

Given:
For the smallest wavelength, energy should be maximum.
Thus, for maximum energy, transition should be from infinity to the ground state.

n1= 1 
n2 

(a) Wavelength of the radiation emitted λ is given by
1λ=RZ21n12-1n22

For hydrogen,
Atomic number, Z = 1
R = Rydberg constant = 1.097×107 m-1

On substituting the respective values,          
λ=11.097×107=11.097×10-7 =0.911×10-7 =91.1×10-9=91 nm

(b)
For He+,
Atomic number, Z = 2
Wavelength of the radiation emitted by He(λ) is given by
1λ=RZ21n12-1n22
1λ=22(1.097×107) 112-12
 λ=91 nm4=23 nm

(c) For Li++,
 Atomic number, Z = 3
Wavelength of the radiation emitted by  Li++ (λ) is given by
1λ=RZ21n12-1n22
1λ=32×(1.097×107) 112-12
λ=91 nmZ2=919=10 nm

Answer:

Expression of Rydberg constant (R) is given by
R=me48h2c 02
Mass of electron, me = 9.31×1021 kg
Charge, e = 1.6 × 10−19 C  
Planck's constant, h = 6.63 × 10−34 J-s,  
Speed of light, c = 3 × 108 m/s,
Permittivity of vacuum, ∈0 = 8.85 × 10−12  C2N-1m
On substituting the values in the expression, we get
R=9.31×10-31×1.6×10-1948×6.63×10-342×3×108×8.85×10-122R =1.097×107 m-1

Page No 384:

Question 5:

Expression of Rydberg constant (R) is given by
R=me48h2c 02
Mass of electron, me = 9.31×1021 kg
Charge, e = 1.6 × 10−19 C  
Planck's constant, h = 6.63 × 10−34 J-s,  
Speed of light, c = 3 × 108 m/s,
Permittivity of vacuum, ∈0 = 8.85 × 10−12  C2N-1m
On substituting the values in the expression, we get
R=9.31×10-31×1.6×10-1948×6.63×10-342×3×108×8.85×10-122R =1.097×107 m-1

Answer:

The binding energy (E) of hydrogen atom is given by
E=-13.6n2 eV
For state n = 2,
E =- 13.622E=-3.4 eV

Thus, binding energy of hydrogen at n = 2 is -3.4 eV

Page No 384:

Question 6:

The binding energy (E) of hydrogen atom is given by
E=-13.6n2 eV
For state n = 2,
E =- 13.622E=-3.4 eV

Thus, binding energy of hydrogen at n = 2 is -3.4 eV

Answer:

For He+ ion,
Atomic number, Z = 2
For hydrogen like ions, radius r of the nth state is given by
r=0.53 n2Z Å
Here,
Z = Atomic number of ions
n = Quantum number of the state

Energy E of the nth state is given by
En = -13.6 Z2n2
(a)
For n = 1,
Radius, r=0.53×122  = 0.265 A0 Å

Energy, En-13.6×41
  = - 54.4 eV      

(b)
For n = 4,
Radius, r=0.53×162=4.24 Å
Energy, E=-13.6×416=-3.4 eV
(c)
For n = 10,
Radius, r=0.53×1002
    = 26.5 Å
Energy, E=-13.6×4100=-0.544 eV

Page No 384:

Question 7:

For He+ ion,
Atomic number, Z = 2
For hydrogen like ions, radius r of the nth state is given by
r=0.53 n2Z Å
Here,
Z = Atomic number of ions
n = Quantum number of the state

Energy E of the nth state is given by
En = -13.6 Z2n2
(a)
For n = 1,
Radius, r=0.53×122  = 0.265 A0 Å

Energy, En-13.6×41
  = - 54.4 eV      

(b)
For n = 4,
Radius, r=0.53×162=4.24 Å
Energy, E=-13.6×416=-3.4 eV
(c)
For n = 10,
Radius, r=0.53×1002
    = 26.5 Å
Energy, E=-13.6×4100=-0.544 eV

Answer:

Wavelength of ultraviolet radiation, λ = 102.5 nm = 102,5 ×10-9 m
Rydberg's constant, R = 1.097 × 107 m-1
Since the emitted light lies in ultraviolet range, the lines will lie in lyman series.
Lyman series is obtained when an electron jumps to the ground state (n​= 1) from any excited state (n​2).
Wavelength of light λ is given by
1λ=R1n12-1n22Here, R=Rydberg constant1102.5×10-9=1.097×107 112-1n22109102.5=1.097×107 1-1n22102102.5=1.097 1-1n221-1n22=100102.5×1.0971n22=1-100102.5×1.097n2=9.041=3
The transition will be from 1 to 3.

Page No 384:

Question 8:

Wavelength of ultraviolet radiation, λ = 102.5 nm = 102,5 ×10-9 m
Rydberg's constant, R = 1.097 × 107 m-1
Since the emitted light lies in ultraviolet range, the lines will lie in lyman series.
Lyman series is obtained when an electron jumps to the ground state (n​= 1) from any excited state (n​2).
Wavelength of light λ is given by
1λ=R1n12-1n22Here, R=Rydberg constant1102.5×10-9=1.097×107 112-1n22109102.5=1.097×107 1-1n22102102.5=1.097 1-1n221-1n22=100102.5×1.0971n22=1-100102.5×1.097n2=9.041=3
The transition will be from 1 to 3.

Answer:

(a) PE of hydrogen like atom in the nth state, V = =-13.6Z2n2eV
Here, Z is the atomic number of that atom.
For the first excitation, the atom has to be excited from n = 1 to n = 2 state.
So, its excitation potential will be equal to the difference in the potential of the atom in n = 1 and in n = 2 states. 
First excitation potential of He+
-13.6Z2 (1-122) eV=-10.2 Z2 eV
⇒10.2 × Z2
 = 10.2 × 4
= 40.8 V

(b) Ionization Potential Li++ = 13.6 V × Z2
                                        = 13.6 × 9
                                         = 122.4 V

Page No 384:

Question 9:

(a) PE of hydrogen like atom in the nth state, V = =-13.6Z2n2eV
Here, Z is the atomic number of that atom.
For the first excitation, the atom has to be excited from n = 1 to n = 2 state.
So, its excitation potential will be equal to the difference in the potential of the atom in n = 1 and in n = 2 states. 
First excitation potential of He+
-13.6Z2 (1-122) eV=-10.2 Z2 eV
⇒10.2 × Z2
 = 10.2 × 4
= 40.8 V

(b) Ionization Potential Li++ = 13.6 V × Z2
                                        = 13.6 × 9
                                         = 122.4 V

Answer:

There will be three wavelengths.
(i) For the transition from (n = 4) to (n = 3) state
(ii) For the transition from (n = 3) to (n = 2) state
(iii) For the transition from (n = 4) to (n = 2) state

Let (λ1) be the wavelength when the atom makes transition from (n = 4) state to (n = 2) state.​ 
Here,
n1 = 2
n2 = 4
Now, the wavelength (λ1)​ will be
1λ1=R1n12-1n22     
R=1.097×107 m-11λ1=1.097×107×14-1161λ1=1.097×107 4-1161λ1=1.097×107×316λ1=16×10-73×1.097       = 4.8617×10-7        = 486.1×10-9        =487 nm               

When an atom makes transition from (n = 4) to (n = 3), the wavelength (λ2) is given by

Here again, n1=3 n2=41λ2=1.097×107 19-1161λ2=1.097×107 16-91441λ2=1.097×107×7144λ2=1441.097×107×7        =1875 nm

Similarly, wavelength (λ3) for the transition from (n = 3) to (= 2) is given by
When the transition is n1 = 2 to n2 = 3:
1λ3=1.097×10714-191λ3=1.097×107 9-4361λ3=1.097×107×536λ3=36×10-71.097×5=656 nm

Page No 384:

Question 10:

There will be three wavelengths.
(i) For the transition from (n = 4) to (n = 3) state
(ii) For the transition from (n = 3) to (n = 2) state
(iii) For the transition from (n = 4) to (n = 2) state

Let (λ1) be the wavelength when the atom makes transition from (n = 4) state to (n = 2) state.​ 
Here,
n1 = 2
n2 = 4
Now, the wavelength (λ1)​ will be
1λ1=R1n12-1n22     
R=1.097×107 m-11λ1=1.097×107×14-1161λ1=1.097×107 4-1161λ1=1.097×107×316λ1=16×10-73×1.097       = 4.8617×10-7        = 486.1×10-9        =487 nm               

When an atom makes transition from (n = 4) to (n = 3), the wavelength (λ2) is given by

Here again, n1=3 n2=41λ2=1.097×107 19-1161λ2=1.097×107 16-91441λ2=1.097×107×7144λ2=1441.097×107×7        =1875 nm

Similarly, wavelength (λ3) for the transition from (n = 3) to (= 2) is given by
When the transition is n1 = 2 to n2 = 3:
1λ3=1.097×10714-191λ3=1.097×107 9-4361λ3=1.097×107×536λ3=36×10-71.097×5=656 nm

Answer:

Given:
Wavelength of photon, λ = 228 Å
Energy E is given by
E=hcλ
Here, c = Speed of light 
          h = Planck's constant

E=6.63×10-34×3×108228×10-10      =0.0872×10-16 J

As the transition takes place from n = 1 to n = 2, the excitation energy (E1) will be 
E1=RhcZ21n12-1n22E1=13.6 eV×Z2×112-122E1= 13.6 eV×Z2×34
This excitation energy should be equal to the energy of the photon.
13.6×34×Z2=0.0872×10-16   Z2=0.0872×10-16×413.6×3×1.6×10-19=5.34  Z=5.34=2.3

The ion may be helium.

Page No 384:

Question 11:

Given:
Wavelength of photon, λ = 228 Å
Energy E is given by
E=hcλ
Here, c = Speed of light 
          h = Planck's constant

E=6.63×10-34×3×108228×10-10      =0.0872×10-16 J

As the transition takes place from n = 1 to n = 2, the excitation energy (E1) will be 
E1=RhcZ21n12-1n22E1=13.6 eV×Z2×112-122E1= 13.6 eV×Z2×34
This excitation energy should be equal to the energy of the photon.
13.6×34×Z2=0.0872×10-16   Z2=0.0872×10-16×413.6×3×1.6×10-19=5.34  Z=5.34=2.3

The ion may be helium.

Answer:

Charge on the electron, q1 = 1.6×10 -19 
Charge on the nucleus, q2 = 1.6×10 -19 

Let r be the distance between the nucleus and the electron.
Coulomb force F is given by
F=q1q24π0r2   .....(1)
Here, q1 = q2 = q = 1.6×10 -19 
 Smallest distance between the nucleus and the first orbit, r = 0.53×10-10 m
K=14πε0 = 9×109 Nm2C-2
Substituting the respective values in (1), we get
F=9×109×1.6×10-19×1.6×10-190.53×10-102 =1.6×1.6×9×10-90.532=82.02×10-9 =8.2×10-8 N

Page No 384:

Question 12:

Charge on the electron, q1 = 1.6×10 -19 
Charge on the nucleus, q2 = 1.6×10 -19 

Let r be the distance between the nucleus and the electron.
Coulomb force F is given by
F=q1q24π0r2   .....(1)
Here, q1 = q2 = q = 1.6×10 -19 
 Smallest distance between the nucleus and the first orbit, r = 0.53×10-10 m
K=14πε0 = 9×109 Nm2C-2
Substituting the respective values in (1), we get
F=9×109×1.6×10-19×1.6×10-190.53×10-102 =1.6×1.6×9×10-90.532=82.02×10-9 =8.2×10-8 N

Answer:

(a)
The binding energy of hydrogen is given by
E=13.6n2eV
For binding energy of 0.85 eV,
n22=13.60.85=16n2=4
For binding energy of 10.2 eV,
n12=13.610.2n1=1.15n1=2
The quantum number of the upper and the lower energy state are 4 and 2, respectively.

(b) Wavelength of the emitted radiation λ is given by

1λ=R1n12-1n22

Here,
R = Rydberg constant  
n1 and n2 are quantum numbers.

1λ=1.097×107 14-116λ=161.097×3×107     =4.8617×10-7     =487 nm

Page No 384:

Question 13:

(a)
The binding energy of hydrogen is given by
E=13.6n2eV
For binding energy of 0.85 eV,
n22=13.60.85=16n2=4
For binding energy of 10.2 eV,
n12=13.610.2n1=1.15n1=2
The quantum number of the upper and the lower energy state are 4 and 2, respectively.

(b) Wavelength of the emitted radiation λ is given by

1λ=R1n12-1n22

Here,
R = Rydberg constant  
n1 and n2 are quantum numbers.

1λ=1.097×107 14-116λ=161.097×3×107     =4.8617×10-7     =487 nm

Answer:

As the second photon emitted lies in the Lyman series, the transition will be from the states having quantum numbers n = 2 to n = 1.
Wavelength of radiation λ is given by
1λ=R1n12-1n22
Here, R is the Rydberg constant, having the value of 1.097×107 m-1.

1λ=1.097×107 112-1221λ=1.097×107 1-14 1λ  =1.097×34×107λ=41.097×3×107       =1.215×10-7       =121.5×10-9=122 nm

Page No 384:

Question 14:

As the second photon emitted lies in the Lyman series, the transition will be from the states having quantum numbers n = 2 to n = 1.
Wavelength of radiation λ is given by
1λ=R1n12-1n22
Here, R is the Rydberg constant, having the value of 1.097×107 m-1.

1λ=1.097×107 112-1221λ=1.097×107 1-14 1λ  =1.097×34×107λ=41.097×3×107       =1.215×10-7       =121.5×10-9=122 nm

Answer:

Energy (E) of the nth state of hydrogen atom is given by
13.6n2 eV

For n = 6,

  E=-13.636=-0.377777777 eV

Energy of hydrogen atom in the ground state = −13.6 eV
Energy emitted in the second transition = Energy of ground state - (Energy of hydrogen atom in the 6th state + Energy of photon)   
                                                        =13.6-0.37777+1.13=12.09=12.1 eV

(b)
Energy in the intermediate state = (Energy of photon emitted in the first transition) + (Energy of n = 6 state)
                                             = 1.13 eV + 0.377 eV
                                             = 1.507 eV

Energy of the nth state can expressed as

13.6n2=1.507 
 
 n=13.61.507= 9.0243

Page No 384:

Question 15:

Energy (E) of the nth state of hydrogen atom is given by
13.6n2 eV

For n = 6,

  E=-13.636=-0.377777777 eV

Energy of hydrogen atom in the ground state = −13.6 eV
Energy emitted in the second transition = Energy of ground state - (Energy of hydrogen atom in the 6th state + Energy of photon)   
                                                        =13.6-0.37777+1.13=12.09=12.1 eV

(b)
Energy in the intermediate state = (Energy of photon emitted in the first transition) + (Energy of n = 6 state)
                                             = 1.13 eV + 0.377 eV
                                             = 1.507 eV

Energy of the nth state can expressed as

13.6n2=1.507 
 
 n=13.61.507= 9.0243

Answer:

In ground state, the potential energy of a hydrogen atom is zero.
An electron is bound to the nucleus with an energy of 13.6 eV.
Therefore, we have to give 13.6 eV energy to move the electron from the nucleus.
Let us calculate the excitation energy required to take an atom from the ground state (n = 1) to the first excited state (n = 2).
E=13.6×1n12-1n22 eV
Therefore, the excitation energy is given by

E=13.6×112-122 eV E=13.6×34 eV=10.2 eV
Energy of 10.2 eV is needed to take an atom from the ground state to the first excited state.

∴ Total energy of an atom in the first excitation state = 13.6 eV + 10.2 eV = 23.8 eV

Page No 384:

Question 16:

In ground state, the potential energy of a hydrogen atom is zero.
An electron is bound to the nucleus with an energy of 13.6 eV.
Therefore, we have to give 13.6 eV energy to move the electron from the nucleus.
Let us calculate the excitation energy required to take an atom from the ground state (n = 1) to the first excited state (n = 2).
E=13.6×1n12-1n22 eV
Therefore, the excitation energy is given by

E=13.6×112-122 eV E=13.6×34 eV=10.2 eV
Energy of 10.2 eV is needed to take an atom from the ground state to the first excited state.

∴ Total energy of an atom in the first excitation state = 13.6 eV + 10.2 eV = 23.8 eV

Answer:

Given:
Energy (E) of the ground state will be the energy acquired in the transition of the 2 excitation state to ground state.

E1=hcλ1
Here,
= Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
λ1 = Wavelength of the radiation emitted when atoms come from the highest excited state to ground state

 E1=(6.63×10-34)×(3×108)(46×10-9) J     E1=(6.63×10-34)×(3×108)(46×10-9)×(1.6×10-19) eV       =124246=27 eV

Energy in the first excitation state E2 will be the energy acquired in the transition of the highest energy state to the 2nd excitation state.

E2=hcλn 

Here,
λn = Wavelength of the radiation emitted when an atom comes from the highest energy state to the 2nd excitation state​.
E2=hcλnE2=(6.63×10-34)×(3×108)(103.5×10-9) JE2=(6.63×10-34)×(3×108)(103.5×10-9)×(1.6×10-19) eV   =12 eV

Page No 384:

Question 17:

Given:
Energy (E) of the ground state will be the energy acquired in the transition of the 2 excitation state to ground state.

E1=hcλ1
Here,
= Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
λ1 = Wavelength of the radiation emitted when atoms come from the highest excited state to ground state

 E1=(6.63×10-34)×(3×108)(46×10-9) J     E1=(6.63×10-34)×(3×108)(46×10-9)×(1.6×10-19) eV       =124246=27 eV

Energy in the first excitation state E2 will be the energy acquired in the transition of the highest energy state to the 2nd excitation state.

E2=hcλn 

Here,
λn = Wavelength of the radiation emitted when an atom comes from the highest energy state to the 2nd excitation state​.
E2=hcλnE2=(6.63×10-34)×(3×108)(103.5×10-9) JE2=(6.63×10-34)×(3×108)(103.5×10-9)×(1.6×10-19) eV   =12 eV

Answer:

(a) If the atom is excited to the principal quantum (n), then the number of transitions is given by
nn-12
It is given that a total of 6 photons are emitted. Therefore, total number of transitions is 6.

∴ nn-12 = 6
n = 4

Thus, the principal quantum number is 4 and the gas is in the 4th excited state.

Page No 384:

Question 18:

(a) If the atom is excited to the principal quantum (n), then the number of transitions is given by
nn-12
It is given that a total of 6 photons are emitted. Therefore, total number of transitions is 6.

∴ nn-12 = 6
n = 4

Thus, the principal quantum number is 4 and the gas is in the 4th excited state.

Answer:

Let the mass of the electron be m.
Let the radius of the hydrogen's first stationary orbit be r.
Let the linear speed and the angular speed of the electron be v and ω, respectively.

According to the Bohr's theory, angular momentum (L) of the electron is an integral multiple of h/2π, where h is the Planck's constant.
 mvr=nh2π (Here, n is an integer.)
v=rωmr2ω=nh2π    ω=nh2π×m×r2   

  ω = 1×6.63×10-342×3.14×9.1093×10-31×0.53×10-102      = 0.413×1017 rad/s=4.13×1016 rad/s

Page No 384:

Question 19:

Let the mass of the electron be m.
Let the radius of the hydrogen's first stationary orbit be r.
Let the linear speed and the angular speed of the electron be v and ω, respectively.

According to the Bohr's theory, angular momentum (L) of the electron is an integral multiple of h/2π, where h is the Planck's constant.
 mvr=nh2π (Here, n is an integer.)
v=rωmr2ω=nh2π    ω=nh2π×m×r2   

  ω = 1×6.63×10-342×3.14×9.1093×10-31×0.53×10-102      = 0.413×1017 rad/s=4.13×1016 rad/s

Answer:

The range of wavelength falling in Balmer series is between 656.3 nm and 365 nm.
It is given that the resolution of the instrument is λ/ (λ + ∆λ) < 8000.

Number of wavelengths in this range will be calculated in the following way:
656.3-3658000=36
Two lines will be extra for the first and last wavelength.
∴ Total number of lines = 36 + 2 = 38

Page No 384:

Question 20:

The range of wavelength falling in Balmer series is between 656.3 nm and 365 nm.
It is given that the resolution of the instrument is λ/ (λ + ∆λ) < 8000.

Number of wavelengths in this range will be calculated in the following way:
656.3-3658000=36
Two lines will be extra for the first and last wavelength.
∴ Total number of lines = 36 + 2 = 38

Answer:

Given:
Possible transitions:
From n1 = 1 to n2 = 3
         n1 = 2 to n2 = 4

(a) Here, n1 = 1 and n2 = 3
Energy, E=13.61n12-1n22
E=13.6 11-19   =13.6×89   .....1Energy E is also given byE=hcλ

Here, h = Planck constant
           c = Speed of the light
          λ = Wavelength of the radiation  
 E=6.63×10-34×3×108λ   .....2Equating equations 1 and 2, we haveλ=6.63×10-34×3×108×913.6×8       =0.027×10-7=103 nm

(b) Visible radiation comes in Balmer series.
As 'n' changes by 2, we consider n = 2 to n = 4.

Energy, E1=13.61n12-1n22
  =13.6×14-116  =2.55 eV
If λ1 is the wavelength of the radiation, when transition takes place between quantum number n = 2 to n = 4, then
 255 = 1242λ1
or λ1​ = 487 nm

Page No 384:

Question 21:

Given:
Possible transitions:
From n1 = 1 to n2 = 3
         n1 = 2 to n2 = 4

(a) Here, n1 = 1 and n2 = 3
Energy, E=13.61n12-1n22
E=13.6 11-19   =13.6×89   .....1Energy E is also given byE=hcλ

Here, h = Planck constant
           c = Speed of the light
          λ = Wavelength of the radiation  
 E=6.63×10-34×3×108λ   .....2Equating equations 1 and 2, we haveλ=6.63×10-34×3×108×913.6×8       =0.027×10-7=103 nm

(b) Visible radiation comes in Balmer series.
As 'n' changes by 2, we consider n = 2 to n = 4.

Energy, E1=13.61n12-1n22
  =13.6×14-116  =2.55 eV
If λ1 is the wavelength of the radiation, when transition takes place between quantum number n = 2 to n = 4, then
 255 = 1242λ1
or λ1​ = 487 nm

Answer:

Let v0 be the velocity of the electron moving in the ground state and r0 be the radius of the ground state.
Frequency of the revolution of electron in the circle is given by
f=v02πr0

Frequency of the radiation emitted = Frequency of the revolution of electron 
∴ Frequency of the radiation emitted  = v02πr0
 Also, c = fλ
Here, c = Speed of light
           λ = Wavelength of the radiation emitted
   λ=cf
     λ=2πr0cv0    =2×3.14×53×10-12×(3×108)2.187×106    =45.686×10-12 m=45.7 nm



Page No 385:

Question 22:

Let v0 be the velocity of the electron moving in the ground state and r0 be the radius of the ground state.
Frequency of the revolution of electron in the circle is given by
f=v02πr0

Frequency of the radiation emitted = Frequency of the revolution of electron 
∴ Frequency of the radiation emitted  = v02πr0
 Also, c = fλ
Here, c = Speed of light
           λ = Wavelength of the radiation emitted
   λ=cf
     λ=2πr0cv0    =2×3.14×53×10-12×(3×108)2.187×106    =45.686×10-12 m=45.7 nm

Answer:

Average kinetic energy K of the molecules in a gas at temperature T is given by
K = 32kT
Here,
k = 8.62 × 10−5 eVK−1
T = Temperature of gas

The binding energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.

According to the question,
Average kinetic energy of hydrogen molecules = Binding energy of hydrogen atom
1.5 kT = 13.6
1.5 × 8.62 × 10−5 × T = 13.6
T=13.61.5×8.62×10-5     =1.05×105 K
No, it is impossible for hydrogen to remain in molecular state at such a high temperature.

Page No 385:

Question 23:

Average kinetic energy K of the molecules in a gas at temperature T is given by
K = 32kT
Here,
k = 8.62 × 10−5 eVK−1
T = Temperature of gas

The binding energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.

According to the question,
Average kinetic energy of hydrogen molecules = Binding energy of hydrogen atom
1.5 kT = 13.6
1.5 × 8.62 × 10−5 × T = 13.6
T=13.61.5×8.62×10-5     =1.05×105 K
No, it is impossible for hydrogen to remain in molecular state at such a high temperature.

Answer:

Given:
Wavelength of red light, λ = 653.1 nm = 653.1×10-9 m

Kinetic energy of H2 molecules K is given by
K=32 kT   ...(1)
Here, k = 8.62 × 10−5 eV/K
      T = Temperature of H2 molecules
Energy released E when atom goes from ground state to n = 3 is given by
E=13.61n12-1n22
For ground state, n1 = 1
Also, n2 = 3                         
 E=13.6 11-19      =13.6 89    ...2

Kinetic energy of H2 molecules = Energy released when hydrogen atom goes from ground state to n = 3 state
 32×8.62×10-5 ×T=13.6×89 T=13.6×8×29×3×8.62×10-5        =9.4×104 K 

Page No 385:

Question 24:

Given:
Wavelength of red light, λ = 653.1 nm = 653.1×10-9 m

Kinetic energy of H2 molecules K is given by
K=32 kT   ...(1)
Here, k = 8.62 × 10−5 eV/K
      T = Temperature of H2 molecules
Energy released E when atom goes from ground state to n = 3 is given by
E=13.61n12-1n22
For ground state, n1 = 1
Also, n2 = 3                         
 E=13.6 11-19      =13.6 89    ...2

Kinetic energy of H2 molecules = Energy released when hydrogen atom goes from ground state to n = 3 state
 32×8.62×10-5 ×T=13.6×89 T=13.6×8×29×3×8.62×10-5        =9.4×104 K 

Answer:

Frequency of electron (f) is given by
f=me44 02 n3 h3                       
Time period is given by
T=1fT=4 02 n3 h3me4
Here,
h = Planck's constant
m = Mass of the electron
e = Charge on the electron
ε0= Permittivity of free space 
  T=4×8.85×10-12×23×6.63×10-3439.10×10-31×1.6×10-164        =12247.735 ×10-19 s
Average life time of hydrogen, t = 10-8 s
Number of revolutions is given by 
N=tTN=10-812247.735×10-19
N = 8.2 × 105 revolution

Page No 385:

Question 25:

Frequency of electron (f) is given by
f=me44 02 n3 h3                       
Time period is given by
T=1fT=4 02 n3 h3me4
Here,
h = Planck's constant
m = Mass of the electron
e = Charge on the electron
ε0= Permittivity of free space 
  T=4×8.85×10-12×23×6.63×10-3439.10×10-31×1.6×10-164        =12247.735 ×10-19 s
Average life time of hydrogen, t = 10-8 s
Number of revolutions is given by 
N=tTN=10-812247.735×10-19
N = 8.2 × 105 revolution

Answer:

Mass of the electron, m = 9.1×10-31kg
Radius of the ground state, r = 0.53×10-10m
Let  f be the frequency of revolution of the electron moving in ground state and A be the area of orbit.
Dipole moment of the electron (μ) is given by
μ = niA = qfA
  =e×me44 02 h3 n3×πr2 n2=me5×πr2n24 02 h3 n3
Here, 
h = Planck's constant
e =  Charge on the electron
ε0 = Permittivity of free space
n = Principal quantum number
        
 μ=9.1×10-31 1.6×10-195×π×0.53×10-1024×8.85×10-122×6.64×10-343 ×13      =0.000917×10-20     =9.176×10-24 A-m2

Page No 385:

Question 26:

Mass of the electron, m = 9.1×10-31kg
Radius of the ground state, r = 0.53×10-10m
Let  f be the frequency of revolution of the electron moving in ground state and A be the area of orbit.
Dipole moment of the electron (μ) is given by
μ = niA = qfA
  =e×me44 02 h3 n3×πr2 n2=me5×πr2n24 02 h3 n3
Here, 
h = Planck's constant
e =  Charge on the electron
ε0 = Permittivity of free space
n = Principal quantum number
        
 μ=9.1×10-31 1.6×10-195×π×0.53×10-1024×8.85×10-122×6.64×10-343 ×13      =0.000917×10-20     =9.176×10-24 A-m2

Answer:

Mass of the electron, m = 9.1×10-31kg
Radius of the ground state, r = 0.53×10-10m
Let  f be the frequency of  revolution of the electron moving in the ground state and A be the area of orbit.
Dipole moment of the hydrogen like elements (μ) is given by
μ = niA = qfA
  =e×me44 02 h3 n3×πr02 n2=me5×πr02n24 02 h3 n3
Here, 
h = Planck's constant
e =  Charge on the electron
ε0 = Permittivity of free space
n = Principal quantum number
        
Angular momentum of the electron in the hydrogen like atoms and ions (L) is given by
L=mvr=nh2π
Ratio of the dipole moment and the angular momentum is given by
μL=e5×m×πr2 n240 h3 n3×2πnh
μL=1.6×10-195×9.10×10-31× 3.142×0.53×10-1022×8.85×10-122×6.63×10-343×12μL=3.73×1010 C/kg

Ratio of the magnetic dipole moment and the angular momentum do not depends on the atomic number 'Z'.
Hence, it is a universal constant.

Page No 385:

Question 27:

Mass of the electron, m = 9.1×10-31kg
Radius of the ground state, r = 0.53×10-10m
Let  f be the frequency of  revolution of the electron moving in the ground state and A be the area of orbit.
Dipole moment of the hydrogen like elements (μ) is given by
μ = niA = qfA
  =e×me44 02 h3 n3×πr02 n2=me5×πr02n24 02 h3 n3
Here, 
h = Planck's constant
e =  Charge on the electron
ε0 = Permittivity of free space
n = Principal quantum number
        
Angular momentum of the electron in the hydrogen like atoms and ions (L) is given by
L=mvr=nh2π
Ratio of the dipole moment and the angular momentum is given by
μL=e5×m×πr2 n240 h3 n3×2πnh
μL=1.6×10-195×9.10×10-31× 3.142×0.53×10-1022×8.85×10-122×6.63×10-343×12μL=3.73×1010 C/kg

Ratio of the magnetic dipole moment and the angular momentum do not depends on the atomic number 'Z'.
Hence, it is a universal constant.

Answer:

Given:
Minimum wavelength of the light component present in the beam, λ1 = 450 nm
Energy associated E1 with wavelength λ1 is given by
E1 = hcλ1
Here,
c = Speed of light
h = Planck's constant
E1=1242450 
     = 2.76 eV

Maximum wavelength of the light component present in the beam, λ2 = 550 nm

Energy associated E2 with wavelength λ2 is given by
E2 = hcλ2
 E2=1242550=2.228=2.26 eV
The given range of wavelengths lies in the visible range.
n1 = 2, n2 = 3, 4, 5 ...
Let E'2 , E'3 , E'4 and E'5 be the energies of  the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th states, respectively. 
E'2-E'3=13.614-19          =12.6×530=1.9 eVE'2-E'4=13.614-116          =2.55 eVE'2-E'5=13.614-125         =10.5×21100=2.856 eV
Only, E'2E'4 comes in the range of the energy provided. So the wavelength of light having 2.55 eV will be absorbed.
λ=12422.55=487.05 nm =487 nm
The wavelength 487 nm will be absorbed by hydrogen gas. So, wavelength â€‹487 nm will have less intensity in the transmitted beam.

Page No 385:

Question 28:

Given:
Minimum wavelength of the light component present in the beam, λ1 = 450 nm
Energy associated E1 with wavelength λ1 is given by
E1 = hcλ1
Here,
c = Speed of light
h = Planck's constant
E1=1242450 
     = 2.76 eV

Maximum wavelength of the light component present in the beam, λ2 = 550 nm

Energy associated E2 with wavelength λ2 is given by
E2 = hcλ2
 E2=1242550=2.228=2.26 eV
The given range of wavelengths lies in the visible range.
n1 = 2, n2 = 3, 4, 5 ...
Let E'2 , E'3 , E'4 and E'5 be the energies of  the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th states, respectively. 
E'2-E'3=13.614-19          =12.6×530=1.9 eVE'2-E'4=13.614-116          =2.55 eVE'2-E'5=13.614-125         =10.5×21100=2.856 eV
Only, E'2E'4 comes in the range of the energy provided. So the wavelength of light having 2.55 eV will be absorbed.
λ=12422.55=487.05 nm =487 nm
The wavelength 487 nm will be absorbed by hydrogen gas. So, wavelength â€‹487 nm will have less intensity in the transmitted beam.

Answer:

Energy of radiation (E) from the hydrogen atom is given by
E=13.61n12-1n22
Hydrogen atoms go through transition, n = 1 to n = 2.
The energy released is given by
E=13.611-14  =13.6×34=10.2 eV
For He,
Atomic no, Z = 2
Let us check the energy required for the transition in helium ions from n = 1 to n = 2.

n1 = 1 to n2 = 2

Energy E1 of this transition is given by
E1=Z213.61n12-1n22   =4×13.6 1-14   =40.8 eV
E1 > E,
Hence, this transition of helium ions is not possible.

Let us check the energy required for the transition in helium ion from n = 1 to n = 3.
n1 = 1 to n2 = 3

EnergyE2 for this transition is given by
E2=Z2×13.6 1n22-1n12    =4×13.6×11-19  =48.3 eV
It is clear that E2 > E.
Hence, this transition of helium ions is not possible.

Similarly, transition from n1 = 1 to n2 = 4 is also not possible.

Let us check the energy required for the transition in helium ion from n = 2 to n = 3.
n1 = 2 to n2 = 3
Energy E3 for this transition is given by
E3=13.6×4 14-19  =20×13.636=7.56 eV

Let us check the energy required for the transition in helium ion from n = 2 to n = 3.
n​​= 2 to n2 = 4
Energy E4 for this transition is given by
E4=13.6×4 14-116  =13.6×34=10.2 eV

We find that
E3 < E
E4 = E
Hence, possible transitions are from n = 2 to n = 3 and n = 2 to n = 4.

Page No 385:

Question 29:

Energy of radiation (E) from the hydrogen atom is given by
E=13.61n12-1n22
Hydrogen atoms go through transition, n = 1 to n = 2.
The energy released is given by
E=13.611-14  =13.6×34=10.2 eV
For He,
Atomic no, Z = 2
Let us check the energy required for the transition in helium ions from n = 1 to n = 2.

n1 = 1 to n2 = 2

Energy E1 of this transition is given by
E1=Z213.61n12-1n22   =4×13.6 1-14   =40.8 eV
E1 > E,
Hence, this transition of helium ions is not possible.

Let us check the energy required for the transition in helium ion from n = 1 to n = 3.
n1 = 1 to n2 = 3

EnergyE2 for this transition is given by
E2=Z2×13.6 1n22-1n12    =4×13.6×11-19  =48.3 eV
It is clear that E2 > E.
Hence, this transition of helium ions is not possible.

Similarly, transition from n1 = 1 to n2 = 4 is also not possible.

Let us check the energy required for the transition in helium ion from n = 2 to n = 3.
n1 = 2 to n2 = 3
Energy E3 for this transition is given by
E3=13.6×4 14-19  =20×13.636=7.56 eV

Let us check the energy required for the transition in helium ion from n = 2 to n = 3.
n​​= 2 to n2 = 4
Energy E4 for this transition is given by
E4=13.6×4 14-116  =13.6×34=10.2 eV

We find that
E3 < E
E4 = E
Hence, possible transitions are from n = 2 to n = 3 and n = 2 to n = 4.

Answer:

Given:
Wavelength of ultraviolet radiation, λ = 50 nm = 50×10-9m

We know that the work function of an atom is the energy required to remove an electron from the surface of the atom. So, we can find the work function by calculating the energy required to remove the electron from n1 = 1 to n2 = ∞.

Work function, W0=13.611-1    =13.6 eV
Using Einstein's photoelectric equation, we get

E=W0+KEhcλ-13.6=KE     E=hcλ124250-13.6=KEKE=24.84-13.6        =11.24 eV

Page No 385:

Question 30:

Given:
Wavelength of ultraviolet radiation, λ = 50 nm = 50×10-9m

We know that the work function of an atom is the energy required to remove an electron from the surface of the atom. So, we can find the work function by calculating the energy required to remove the electron from n1 = 1 to n2 = ∞.

Work function, W0=13.611-1    =13.6 eV
Using Einstein's photoelectric equation, we get

E=W0+KEhcλ-13.6=KE     E=hcλ124250-13.6=KEKE=24.84-13.6        =11.24 eV

Answer:

Given:
Wavelength of light, λ = 100 nm = 100 × 10-9 m
Energy of the incident lightE is given by
E=hcλ
Here,
h = Planck's constant
λ = Wavelength of light
E=1242100    E=12.42 eV

(a)
Let E1​ and E2 be the energies of the 1st and the 2nd state, respectively.
Let the transition take place from E1 to E2.
Energy absorbed during this transition is calculated as follows:
Here,
n​​​1 = 1
 n​​​2 = 2
Energy absorbed (E') is given by
  E'=13.61n12-1n22   =13.611-14  =13.6×34=10.2 eV
 Energy left = 12.42 eV − 10.2 eV = 2.22 eV
​Energy of the photon = hcλ
Equating the energy left with that of the photon, we get
 2.22 eV=hcλ2.22 eV=1242λ
 or λ = 559.45 = 560 nm
Let E3be the energy of the 3rd state.
Energy absorbed for the transition from E1to E3 is given by
E'=13.61n12-1n22   =13.611-19  =13.6×89=12.1 eV
Energy absorbed in the transition from E1to E3 = 12.1 eV  (Same as solved above)

Energy left = 12.42 − 12.1 = 0.32 eV

0.32=hcλ=1242λλ=12420.32 =3881.2=3881 nm
Let E4 be the energy of the 4th state.
Energy absorbed in the transition from E3to E4 is given by
E'=13.61n12-1n22   =13.619-116  =13.6×7144=0.65 eV
Energy absorbed for the transition from n = 3 to n = 4 is 0.65 eV
Energy left = 12.42 − 0.65 = 11.77 eV
Equating this energy with the energy of the photon, we get
11.77=hcλor λ=124211.77=105.52
The wavelengths observed in the transmitted beam are 105 nm, 560 nm and 3881 nm.

(b)
If the energy absorbed by the 'H' atom is radiated perpendicularly, then the wavelengths of the radiations detected are calculated in the following way:
E =10.2 eV10.2=hcλor  λ=124210.2=121.76 nm 121 nmE =12.1 eV12.1=hcλor  λ=124212.1=102.64 nm103 nmE =0.65 eV0.65=hcλor   λ=12420.65=1910.76 nm 1911 nm
Thus, the wavelengths of the radiations detected are 103 nm, 121 nm and 1911 nm.

Page No 385:

Question 31:

Given:
Wavelength of light, λ = 100 nm = 100 × 10-9 m
Energy of the incident lightE is given by
E=hcλ
Here,
h = Planck's constant
λ = Wavelength of light
E=1242100    E=12.42 eV

(a)
Let E1​ and E2 be the energies of the 1st and the 2nd state, respectively.
Let the transition take place from E1 to E2.
Energy absorbed during this transition is calculated as follows:
Here,
n​​​1 = 1
 n​​​2 = 2
Energy absorbed (E') is given by
  E'=13.61n12-1n22   =13.611-14  =13.6×34=10.2 eV
 Energy left = 12.42 eV − 10.2 eV = 2.22 eV
​Energy of the photon = hcλ
Equating the energy left with that of the photon, we get
 2.22 eV=hcλ2.22 eV=1242λ
 or λ = 559.45 = 560 nm
Let E3be the energy of the 3rd state.
Energy absorbed for the transition from E1to E3 is given by
E'=13.61n12-1n22   =13.611-19  =13.6×89=12.1 eV
Energy absorbed in the transition from E1to E3 = 12.1 eV  (Same as solved above)

Energy left = 12.42 − 12.1 = 0.32 eV

0.32=hcλ=1242λλ=12420.32 =3881.2=3881 nm
Let E4 be the energy of the 4th state.
Energy absorbed in the transition from E3to E4 is given by
E'=13.61n12-1n22   =13.619-116  =13.6×7144=0.65 eV
Energy absorbed for the transition from n = 3 to n = 4 is 0.65 eV
Energy left = 12.42 − 0.65 = 11.77 eV
Equating this energy with the energy of the photon, we get
11.77=hcλor λ=124211.77=105.52
The wavelengths observed in the transmitted beam are 105 nm, 560 nm and 3881 nm.

(b)
If the energy absorbed by the 'H' atom is radiated perpendicularly, then the wavelengths of the radiations detected are calculated in the following way:
E =10.2 eV10.2=hcλor  λ=124210.2=121.76 nm 121 nmE =12.1 eV12.1=hcλor  λ=124212.1=102.64 nm103 nmE =0.65 eV0.65=hcλor   λ=12420.65=1910.76 nm 1911 nm
Thus, the wavelengths of the radiations detected are 103 nm, 121 nm and 1911 nm.

Answer:

Given:

Work function of cesium surface, Ï• = 1.9 eV

(a) Energy required to ionise a hydrogen atom in its ground state, E = 13.6 eV
 From the Einstein's photoelectric equation,
  hcλ=E+ϕ
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
λ = Wavelength of light
hcλ-1.9=13.61240λ=15.5λ=124015.5λ = 80 nm

(b) When the electron is excited from the states n1 = 1 to n2 = 2, energy absorbed E1 is given by
     E1=13.61n12-1n22E1=13.61-14E1=13.66×34

For Einstein's photoelectric equation,

  hcλ-1.9=13.6×34hcλ=13.6×34+1.91240λ=10.2+1.9=12.1λ=124012.1 λ=102.47=102 nm

(c) Excited atom will emit visible light if an electron jumps from the second orbit​ to third orbit, i.e. from n1 = 2​ to  n2 = 3. This is because Balmer series lies in the visible region.
Energy (E2) of this transition is given by
E2 = 13.61n12-1n22E2 = 13.614-19E2 = 13.66×536

For Einstein's photoelectric equation,
hcλ-1.9 = 13.6×536hcλ=13.6×536+1.91240λ = 1.88+1.9 = 3.78λ=12403.78   λ = 328.04 nm

Page No 385:

Question 32:

Given:

Work function of cesium surface, Ï• = 1.9 eV

(a) Energy required to ionise a hydrogen atom in its ground state, E = 13.6 eV
 From the Einstein's photoelectric equation,
  hcλ=E+ϕ
Here,
h = Planck's constant
c = Speed of light
λ = Wavelength of light
hcλ-1.9=13.61240λ=15.5λ=124015.5λ = 80 nm

(b) When the electron is excited from the states n1 = 1 to n2 = 2, energy absorbed E1 is given by
     E1=13.61n12-1n22E1=13.61-14E1=13.66×34

For Einstein's photoelectric equation,

  hcλ-1.9=13.6×34hcλ=13.6×34+1.91240λ=10.2+1.9=12.1λ=124012.1 λ=102.47=102 nm

(c) Excited atom will emit visible light if an electron jumps from the second orbit​ to third orbit, i.e. from n1 = 2​ to  n2 = 3. This is because Balmer series lies in the visible region.
Energy (E2) of this transition is given by
E2 = 13.61n12-1n22E2 = 13.614-19E2 = 13.66×536

For Einstein's photoelectric equation,
hcλ-1.9 = 13.6×536hcλ=13.6×536+1.91240λ = 1.88+1.9 = 3.78λ=12403.78   λ = 328.04 nm

Answer:

Given:
Distance travelled by the electron, d = 1.0 m
Wavelength of red light, λ = 656.3 nm = 656.3 × 10-9 m

Since the given wavelength lies in Balmer series, the transition that requires minimum energy is from n1 = 3 to n2 = 2.
Energy of this transition will be equal to the energy E1 that will be required for the transition from the ground state to n = 3.
E1=13.61n12-1n22
 E1=13.61-19        =13.6×89=12.09 eV
Energy, E (eV) = 12.09 eV
           ∴ V = 12.09 V
Electric field, E = Vd = 12.091 = 12.09 V/m
 ∴ Minimum value of the electric field = 12.09 V/m = 12.1 V/m

Page No 385:

Question 33:

Given:
Distance travelled by the electron, d = 1.0 m
Wavelength of red light, λ = 656.3 nm = 656.3 × 10-9 m

Since the given wavelength lies in Balmer series, the transition that requires minimum energy is from n1 = 3 to n2 = 2.
Energy of this transition will be equal to the energy E1 that will be required for the transition from the ground state to n = 3.
E1=13.61n12-1n22
 E1=13.61-19        =13.6×89=12.09 eV
Energy, E (eV) = 12.09 eV
           ∴ V = 12.09 V
Electric field, E = Vd = 12.091 = 12.09 V/m
 ∴ Minimum value of the electric field = 12.09 V/m = 12.1 V/m

Answer:

Given:
Initial kinetic energy of the neutron, K = 12.5 eV
The velocities of the two bodies of equal masses undergoing elastic collision in one dimension gets interchanged after the collision.

Since the hydrogen atom is at rest, after collision, the velocity of the neutron will be zero.
Hence, it has zero energy.

Page No 385:

Question 34:

Given:
Initial kinetic energy of the neutron, K = 12.5 eV
The velocities of the two bodies of equal masses undergoing elastic collision in one dimension gets interchanged after the collision.

Since the hydrogen atom is at rest, after collision, the velocity of the neutron will be zero.
Hence, it has zero energy.

Answer:

Given:
Mass of the hydrogen atom, M = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Let v be the velocity with which hydrogen atom is moving before collision.
Let v1 and v2 be the velocities of hydrogen atoms after the collision.
Energy used for the ionisation of one atom of hydrogen, ΔE = 13.6 eV = 13.6×(1.6×10−19)J
Applying the conservation of momentum, we get
mv = mv1 + mυ2   ...(1)

Applying the conservation of mechanical energy, we get     
12mυ2=12mυ12+12mυ22+E              ...2

Using equation (1), we get
 v2 = (v1 + v2)2
v2 =υ12+υ22+2υ1υ2           ...(3)

In equation(2), on multiplying both the sides by 2 and dividing both the sides by m.
υ2=υ12+υ12+2E/m              ....4

On comparing (4) and (3), we get
2υ1υ2=2Em 
1 − υ2)2 = (υ1 + υ2)2 − 4υ1υ2
​v1-v22=v2-4Em

For minimum value of υ,
v1 = v2 =0
Also, v2-4Em=0
 v2=4Em        =4×13.6×1.6×10-191.67×10-27   v=4×13.6×1.6×10-191.67×10-27    =1044×13.6×1.61.67    =7.2×104 m/s

Page No 385:

Question 35:

Given:
Mass of the hydrogen atom, M = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Let v be the velocity with which hydrogen atom is moving before collision.
Let v1 and v2 be the velocities of hydrogen atoms after the collision.
Energy used for the ionisation of one atom of hydrogen, ΔE = 13.6 eV = 13.6×(1.6×10−19)J
Applying the conservation of momentum, we get
mv = mv1 + mυ2   ...(1)

Applying the conservation of mechanical energy, we get     
12mυ2=12mυ12+12mυ22+E              ...2

Using equation (1), we get
 v2 = (v1 + v2)2
v2 =υ12+υ22+2υ1υ2           ...(3)

In equation(2), on multiplying both the sides by 2 and dividing both the sides by m.
υ2=υ12+υ12+2E/m              ....4

On comparing (4) and (3), we get
2υ1υ2=2Em 
1 − υ2)2 = (υ1 + υ2)2 − 4υ1υ2
​v1-v22=v2-4Em

For minimum value of υ,
v1 = v2 =0
Also, v2-4Em=0
 v2=4Em        =4×13.6×1.6×10-191.67×10-27   v=4×13.6×1.6×10-191.67×10-27    =1044×13.6×1.61.67    =7.2×104 m/s

Answer:

Given:
Mass of neutron, m = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Since neutron is moving with velocity v, its energy E is given by
E=12mυ2
Let the energy absorbed be ∆E.
The condition for inelastic collision is given below:
12mυ2>2E
E<14mυ2

Since 10.2 eV, energy is required for the first excited state.
∴ ∆E < 10.2 eV
10.2 eV<14mv2
Thus, minimum speed of the neutron is given by
υmin=4×10.2meVυmin=10.2×1.6×1019×41.67×10-27    =6×104 m/sec

Page No 385:

Question 36:

Given:
Mass of neutron, m = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Since neutron is moving with velocity v, its energy E is given by
E=12mυ2
Let the energy absorbed be ∆E.
The condition for inelastic collision is given below:
12mυ2>2E
E<14mυ2

Since 10.2 eV, energy is required for the first excited state.
∴ ∆E < 10.2 eV
10.2 eV<14mv2
Thus, minimum speed of the neutron is given by
υmin=4×10.2meVυmin=10.2×1.6×1019×41.67×10-27    =6×104 m/sec

Answer:

Given:
Wavelength of light emitted by hydrogen, λ = 656.3 nm
Mass of hydrogen atom, m = 1.67 × 10−27 kg

(a) Momentum p is given by
P=hλ
Here,
h = Planck's constant
λ = Wavelength of light

 p =6.63×10-34656.3×10-9     p =0.01×10-25     p =1×10-27 kgm/s

(b) Momentum, p = mv
    Here,
m = Mass of hydrogen atom
v = Speed of atom
1 × 10−27 = (1.67 × 10−27)× υ
    υ=11.67     =0.598=0.6 m/s

(c) Kinetic energy K of the recoil of the atom is given by
      K=12mv2
     Here,
m = Mass of the atom
v = Velocity of the atom
      K=12×1.67×10-27×0.62 J
        K=0.3006×10-271.6×10-19 eVK=1.9×10-9 eV

Page No 385:

Question 37:

Given:
Wavelength of light emitted by hydrogen, λ = 656.3 nm
Mass of hydrogen atom, m = 1.67 × 10−27 kg

(a) Momentum p is given by
P=hλ
Here,
h = Planck's constant
λ = Wavelength of light

 p =6.63×10-34656.3×10-9     p =0.01×10-25     p =1×10-27 kgm/s

(b) Momentum, p = mv
    Here,
m = Mass of hydrogen atom
v = Speed of atom
1 × 10−27 = (1.67 × 10−27)× υ
    υ=11.67     =0.598=0.6 m/s

(c) Kinetic energy K of the recoil of the atom is given by
      K=12mv2
     Here,
m = Mass of the atom
v = Velocity of the atom
      K=12×1.67×10-27×0.62 J
        K=0.3006×10-271.6×10-19 eVK=1.9×10-9 eV

Answer:

Difference in energy in the transition from n = 3 to n = 2 is 1.89 eV ( = E).

If all this energy is used up in emitting a photon (i.e. recoil energy is zero).
Then,
E=hcλ λ=hcE  ...(i)

If difference of energy is used up in emitting a photon and recoil of atom, then let ER be the recoil energy of atom.
E=hcλ'+ERλ'=hcE-ER   ...(ii)
Fractional change in the wavelength is given as,
λλ=λ'-λλλλ=1λhcE-ER-hcEλλ=EhchcERE(E-ER)      λ=hcEλλ=ER(E-ER 

Page No 385:

Question 38:

Difference in energy in the transition from n = 3 to n = 2 is 1.89 eV ( = E).

If all this energy is used up in emitting a photon (i.e. recoil energy is zero).
Then,
E=hcλ λ=hcE  ...(i)

If difference of energy is used up in emitting a photon and recoil of atom, then let ER be the recoil energy of atom.
E=hcλ'+ERλ'=hcE-ER   ...(ii)
Fractional change in the wavelength is given as,
λλ=λ'-λλλλ=1λhcE-ER-hcEλλ=EhchcERE(E-ER)      λ=hcEλλ=ER(E-ER 

Answer:

The Hαlight can emit the photoelectrons if its energy is greater than or equal to the work function of the metal.
Energy possessed by Hα light (E) is given by
E=13.61n12-1n22 eV
Here, n1 = 2, n2 = 3​
 E=13.6×14-19      =13.6×536=1.89 eV      = 1.90 eV
 Hα light will be able to emit electron from the metal surface for the maximum work function of metal to be 1.90 eV.

Page No 385:

Question 39:

The Hαlight can emit the photoelectrons if its energy is greater than or equal to the work function of the metal.
Energy possessed by Hα light (E) is given by
E=13.61n12-1n22 eV
Here, n1 = 2, n2 = 3​
 E=13.6×14-19      =13.6×536=1.89 eV      = 1.90 eV
 Hα light will be able to emit electron from the metal surface for the maximum work function of metal to be 1.90 eV.

Answer:

Let the maximum work function of the metal be W.

The energy liberated in the Balmer Series (E) is given by
E=13.61n12-1n22

For maximum work function, maximum energy of Balmer's series is taken.

Now, n1 = 2, n1 = ∞​

 E=13.6122      =13.6×14=3.4 eV
Here,
W = E
Thus, maximum work function of metal is 3.4 eV.

Page No 385:

Question 40:

Let the maximum work function of the metal be W.

The energy liberated in the Balmer Series (E) is given by
E=13.61n12-1n22

For maximum work function, maximum energy of Balmer's series is taken.

Now, n1 = 2, n1 = ∞​

 E=13.6122      =13.6×14=3.4 eV
Here,
W = E
Thus, maximum work function of metal is 3.4 eV.

Answer:

Given:
Work function of cesium, ϕ = 1.9 eV​
Energy of photons coming from the discharge tube, E = 13.6 eV

Let maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted be K.

From the Einstein's photoelectric equation, we know that the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted is given by
K = Eϕ
   = 13.6 eV − 1.9 ev 
   = 11.7 eV​

Page No 385:

Question 41:

Given:
Work function of cesium, ϕ = 1.9 eV​
Energy of photons coming from the discharge tube, E = 13.6 eV

Let maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted be K.

From the Einstein's photoelectric equation, we know that the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted is given by
K = Eϕ
   = 13.6 eV − 1.9 ev 
   = 11.7 eV​

Answer:

Wavelength of radiation coming from filter, λ = 440 nm
Work function of metal, Ï• = 2 eV
Charge of the electron​, e = 1.6 × 10-9 C
Let V0 be the stopping potential.
From Einstein's photoelectric equation,
  hcλ-ϕ=eV0
Here,
h =Planck constant
c = Speed of light
λ = Wavelength of radiation

  4.14×10-15×3×108440×10-9-2 eV=eV0eV0=1242440-2 eV=0.823 eV.V0=0.823 Volts

Page No 385:

Question 42:

Wavelength of radiation coming from filter, λ = 440 nm
Work function of metal, Ï• = 2 eV
Charge of the electron​, e = 1.6 × 10-9 C
Let V0 be the stopping potential.
From Einstein's photoelectric equation,
  hcλ-ϕ=eV0
Here,
h =Planck constant
c = Speed of light
λ = Wavelength of radiation

  4.14×10-15×3×108440×10-9-2 eV=eV0eV0=1242440-2 eV=0.823 eV.V0=0.823 Volts

Answer:

Given:
Mass of the earth, me = 6.0 × 1024 kg
Mass of the sun, ms = 2.0 × 1030 kg
Distance between the earth and the sun, d = 1.5 × 1111 m

According to the Bohr's quantization rule,

Angular momentum, L = nh2π
 mvr=nh2π   ....(1)
Here,
n = Quantum number
h  = Planck's constant
m = Mass of electron
r = Radius of the circular orbit
v = Velocity of the electron

Squaring both the sides, we get
 me2v2r2=n2h24π2               ....2
Gravitational force of attraction between the earth and the sun acts as the centripetal force.
F=Gmemsr2=mev2r
 v2=Gmsr     ....(3)
Dividing (2) by (3), we get
me2 r=n2h24π2Gms

(a) For n = 1,

r=h24π2 Gms me2r =6.63×10-3424×3.142×6.67×10-11×6×10242×2×1030r =2.29×10-138 mr =2.3×10-138 m  

(b)
From (2), the value of the principal quantum number (n) is given by
n2=me2×r×4×π×G×msh2n=me2×r×4×π×G×msh2
n=6×10242×1.5×1011×4×3.142×6.67×10-11×2×10306.6×10-342n=2.5×1074



Page No 386:

Question 43:

Given:
Mass of the earth, me = 6.0 × 1024 kg
Mass of the sun, ms = 2.0 × 1030 kg
Distance between the earth and the sun, d = 1.5 × 1111 m

According to the Bohr's quantization rule,

Angular momentum, L = nh2π
 mvr=nh2π   ....(1)
Here,
n = Quantum number
h  = Planck's constant
m = Mass of electron
r = Radius of the circular orbit
v = Velocity of the electron

Squaring both the sides, we get
 me2v2r2=n2h24π2               ....2
Gravitational force of attraction between the earth and the sun acts as the centripetal force.
F=Gmemsr2=mev2r
 v2=Gmsr     ....(3)
Dividing (2) by (3), we get
me2 r=n2h24π2Gms

(a) For n = 1,

r=h24π2 Gms me2r =6.63×10-3424×3.142×6.67×10-11×6×10242×2×1030r =2.29×10-138 mr =2.3×10-138 m  

(b)
From (2), the value of the principal quantum number (n) is given by
n2=me2×r×4×π×G×msh2n=me2×r×4×π×G×msh2
n=6×10242×1.5×1011×4×3.142×6.67×10-11×2×10306.6×10-342n=2.5×1074

Answer:

According to Bohr's quantization rule,

Angular momentum of electron,  L = nh2π
mver=nh2πve=nh2πrme          ...(1)
Here,
n = Quantum number
h  = Planck's constant
m = Mass of the electron
 r = Radius of the circular orbit
ve = Velocity of the electron

Let mn be the mass of neutron.

On equating the gravitational force between neutron and electron with the centripetal acceleration,
Gmnmer2=mev2rGmnr=v2                   ...2
Squaring (1) and dividing it by (2), we have
me2v2r2v2=n2h2r4π2Gmnme2r2=n2h2r4π2Gmnr=n2h24π2Gmnme2ve=nh2πrmeve=nh2πme×n2h24π2Gmnme2ve=2πGmnmenh

Kinetic energy of the electron, K=12meve2                                                    =12me2πGmnmenh2                                                      =4π2G2mn2me32n2h2

Potential energy of the neutron, P=-Gmnmer

Substituting the value of r in the above expression,
P=-Gmemn4π2Gmnme2n2h2P=-4π2G2mn2me3n2h2
Total energy = K + P=-2π2G2mn2me22n2h2=-π2G2mn2me2n2h2

Page No 386:

Question 44:

According to Bohr's quantization rule,

Angular momentum of electron,  L = nh2π
mver=nh2πve=nh2πrme          ...(1)
Here,
n = Quantum number
h  = Planck's constant
m = Mass of the electron
 r = Radius of the circular orbit
ve = Velocity of the electron

Let mn be the mass of neutron.

On equating the gravitational force between neutron and electron with the centripetal acceleration,
Gmnmer2=mev2rGmnr=v2                   ...2
Squaring (1) and dividing it by (2), we have
me2v2r2v2=n2h2r4π2Gmnme2r2=n2h2r4π2Gmnr=n2h24π2Gmnme2ve=nh2πrmeve=nh2πme×n2h24π2Gmnme2ve=2πGmnmenh

Kinetic energy of the electron, K=12meve2                                                    =12me2πGmnmenh2                                                      =4π2G2mn2me32n2h2

Potential energy of the neutron, P=-Gmnmer

Substituting the value of r in the above expression,
P=-Gmemn4π2Gmnme2n2h2P=-4π2G2mn2me3n2h2
Total energy = K + P=-2π2G2mn2me22n2h2=-π2G2mn2me2n2h2

Answer:

According to Bohr's quantization rule,
mvr = nh2π
'r' is minimum when 'n' has minimum value, i.e. 1.
 mv=nh2πr                       ...1Again, r=mvqB mv=rqB                         ...2

From (1) and (2), we get
rqB=nh2πr                         From 1r2=nh2πeB                   q=er=h2πeB                  n=1

(b) For the radius of nth orbit,
r=nh2πeB

(c) mvr=nh2π,   r=mvqB
Substituting the value of 'r' in (1), we get
mv×mvqB=nh2πm2v2=heB2π                   n=1, q=ev2=heB2πm2 v=heB2πm2

Page No 386:

Question 45:

According to Bohr's quantization rule,
mvr = nh2π
'r' is minimum when 'n' has minimum value, i.e. 1.
 mv=nh2πr                       ...1Again, r=mvqB mv=rqB                         ...2

From (1) and (2), we get
rqB=nh2πr                         From 1r2=nh2πeB                   q=er=h2πeB                  n=1

(b) For the radius of nth orbit,
r=nh2πeB

(c) mvr=nh2π,   r=mvqB
Substituting the value of 'r' in (1), we get
mv×mvqB=nh2πm2v2=heB2π                   n=1, q=ev2=heB2πm2 v=heB2πm2

Answer:

In the imaginary world, the angular momentum is quantized to be an even integral multiple of h/2π.
Therefore, the quantum numbers that are allowed are n1 = 2 and n2 = 4.

We have the longest possible wavelength for minimum energy.
Energy of the light emitted (E) is given by
E=13.61n12-1n22E=13.6122-142E=13.614-116E=13.6×1264=2.55 eV
Equating the calculated energy with that of photon, we get
2.55 eV=hcλλ=hc2.55=12422.55 nm =487.05 nm=487 nm

Page No 386:

Question 46:

In the imaginary world, the angular momentum is quantized to be an even integral multiple of h/2π.
Therefore, the quantum numbers that are allowed are n1 = 2 and n2 = 4.

We have the longest possible wavelength for minimum energy.
Energy of the light emitted (E) is given by
E=13.61n12-1n22E=13.6122-142E=13.614-116E=13.6×1264=2.55 eV
Equating the calculated energy with that of photon, we get
2.55 eV=hcλλ=hc2.55=12422.55 nm =487.05 nm=487 nm

Answer:

Let the frequency emitted by the atom at rest be ν0.

Let the velocity of hydrogen atom in state 'n' be u.
But u << c

Here, the velocity of the emitted photon must be u.
According to the Doppler's effect,
The frequency of the emitted radiation, ν is given by
Frequency of the emitted radiation, ν=ν01+uc1-ucSince u <<< c,ν=ν0 1+uc1   ν=ν01+uc
Ratio of frequencies of the emitted radiation, νν0=1+uc



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