Chapter 16 Chemistry in Everyday Life

Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue such as skin to reduce the possibility of infection. They cannot be indigested.

Bithional has antiseptic properties and so it is added to soaps to reduce the bad odour produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin that is to keep us fresh.

Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to the surface of non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects. Also, dilute solutions of some disinfectants can be used as antiseptic.

Birth control pills (BCPs) contain man-made forms of 2 hormones called estrogen and progestin. These hormones are made naturally in a woman's ovaries.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) enhances ovulation.

Aspirin is an analgesic used to get relief from pain. But they fall under the category of non-narcotic analgesics.

Along with that, aspirin is effective in relieving pain and also it has anti-blood clotting action. It is a neurologically active drug.

Drugs are classified on the basis of –

• Chemical structure

• Basis of drug action

• Basis of molecular targets

• Basis of pharmacological effect

Out of which classification on the basis of molecular targets is most useful for medicinal chemists.

This classification is based on the macromolecule the drugs interact with. The drug targets can be lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or any other such biomolecule. The drugs with similar structures have similar reactions with such biomolecules.

Tranquilizers are basically drugs which are used for treatment of anxiety, tension, fear or any disturbance of mind and helps in sleeping. It is therefore an antidepressant as it helps in restoring the balance of neurotransmitters in our brain. E.g. Phenelzine (C₈H₁₂N₂) or Nardil.

Noradrenaline is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter and tranquilisers function by inhibiting the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline. So, it relieves from any anxiety, fear or tension.

So, tranquilisers are neither any type of narcotic drugs nor do they relieve pain and fever. They do not affect the message transfer from nerve to receptor.

Salvarsan is a drug that was introduced at the beginning of the 1910 as the first effective treatment for syphilis.

Narrow spectrum antibiotics are active against a selected group of bacterial types. They are active against either gram positive or gram negative bacteria as they are active against a selected group of bacterial types.

Tranquilizers are basically drugs which are used for treatment of anxiety, tension, fear or any disturbance of mind and helps in sleeping. It is therefore an antidepressant as it helps in restoring the balance of neurotransmitters in our brain. E.g. Phenelzine (C₈H₁₂N₂) or Nardil.

Bithional has antiseptic properties and so it is added to soaps to reduce the bad odour produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin that is to keep us fresh.

Laundry soaps contain a mixture of soap (sodium stearate), builders (sodium carbonate) and rosin. Rosin is used as because it makes the soap lather well.

Sodium lauryl sulphate also known as Sodium dodecyl sulphate, is a widely used surfactant in cleaning products, cosmetics, and personal care products. It is a highly effective anionic surfactant used to remove oily stains and residues.

Equanil is an example of tranquilizer. Tranquilizers are basically drugs which are used for treatment of anxiety, tension, fear or any disturbance of mind and helps in sleeping. It is therefore an antidepressant as it helps in restoring the balance of neurotransmitters in our brain.

Laundry soaps contain a mixture of soap (sodium stearate), builders (sodium carbonate) and rosin (sodium rosinate). Rosin is used as because it makes the soap lather well.

When glycerol is added to soaps, it absorbs water from the air and thus attracts moisture to your skin. So, it prevents rapid drying. So, glycerol is used as a humectant, which means it prevents or retains moisture.

Non-ionic detergents, thus from the name we get to know that the surfactant present on them is uncharged. thus we can see the surfactant is uncharged, so it is therefore a non-ionic detergent. Non-ionic detergents are used in dishwashing powder.

Non-ionic detergents, thus from the name we get to know that the surfactant present on them is uncharged.

thus, in polyethylene glycol, we can see the surfactant is uncharged, so it is therefore a non-ionic detergent. Non-ionic detergents are used in dishwashing powder.

For the classification on the basis of molecular targets, it is:-

The classification based on the macromolecule the drugs interact with. The drug targets can be lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or any other such biomolecule. The drugs with similar structures have similar reactions with such biomolecules.

Inhibitor binding is either reversible or irreversible. Reversible inhibitors bind non-covalently with enzyme molecule.

An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity. They inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme and prevent the binding of substrate. When they are classified, inhibitors can be competitive or non-competitive.

Sucralose is a tri-chloro derivative of sucrose is an artificial sweetener. Its appearance and taste are similar to that of sugar but is 600 times sweeter than sugar. Also it does not provide calories.

Artificial sweeteners like sucralose do not provide calories. Its appearance and taste are similar to that of sugar but is 600 times sweeter than sugar. So it will not enhance nutritional value of food.

Whereas the presence of either minerals, vitamins or amino acids will enhance the nutritional value of food as they contribute in some or the other ways for the proper functioning of our body.

To figure out the incorrect statements about the receptor

proteins, let us first know about them in a nutshell

• They are crucial to body’s communication process

• Majority of these are embedded in cell membranes

• Their small part possessing active site projects out of the surface of the membrane and opens on the outside region of the cell membrane when they are embedded in cell membrane

• Certain chemicals known as chemical messengers through which message is transferred between two neurons or between neurons to muscle are received at the binding sites of the receptor proteins

• Shape of the receptor site changes to accommodate a messenger, this brings about the transfer of message into the cell by chemical messenger without entering the cell.

• Large number of different receptors in the body with different shape, structure and amino acid composition leads to selectivity for chemical messenger over other.

Hence, from the above discussion we can conclude that following according to question options (ii) and (iv) are correct and options (i) and (iii) are incorrect.

Sodium hydrogen-carbonate is not used as a food preservative that is option (ii) because it’s an anticaking agent used to prevent the formation of lumps.

Now let us revise where the other preservatives can be used

(i) Table salt is used to preserve pickles

(ii) Cane sugar can be used as preservative to make jam and jellies

(iii) Benzoic acid can preserve sweets, ice cream etc.

Hence, according to question option(ii) is correct rest options (i), (iii) and (iv) are incorrect.

To answer this question let us know the definition of

antiseptic

ANTISEPTIC: These are the chemicals which either kill or prevent

the growth of microorganism and are applied to the

living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and

diseased skin surfaces.

Now if we look on the options, we come to know that

(i) CHCl₃ (Chloroform) was used as the an anesthetic to reduce pain during medical procedures. Hence it will not come under antiseptic.

(ii) CHI₃ (Iodoform) is an antiseptic as it is used for wounds.

(iii) Boric acid in dilute aqueous solution works as a weak antiseptic for eyes.

(iv) 0.3 ppm aqueous solution of Cl₂ acts as a disinfectant and hence not the antiseptic.

Therefore options (ii) and (iii) are the suitable answer to the question. Options (i) and (iv) are incorrect.

Basically, barbiturates are the derivatives of barbituric acid, which is veronal, amytal, nembutal, luminal and seconal. These are an important class of tranquilizers.

(a) STRUCTURE OF VERONAL

(b) STRUCTURE OF AMYTAL

(c) STRUCTURE OF NEMBUTAL

(d) STRUCTURE OF LUMINAL

(e) STRUCTURE OF SECONAL

Let’s discuss a little about tranquilizers too.

TRANQUILIZERS: These are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress, and mild or even severe mental diseases. These relieve anxiety, stress, and irritability or excitement by inducing a sense of well-being.

Also, barbiturates are hypnotic which implies they are sleep producing agents.

Hence, options (i) and (ii) are correct about barbiturates. Options (iii) and (iv) are incorrect.

Any member of a group of synthetic antibiotics containing the sulfanilamide molecular structure is known as sulpha drug

or sulfonamide.

Hence according to the definition Sulphapyridine and prontosil must the answer to the question.

Prontosil in the body is converted to sulphanilamide and hence will come under sulpha drugs.

Therefore options (i) and (ii) are correct. Options (iii) and (iv) are incorrect.

Let us understand antidepressants with the example of Noradrenaline before answering the question.

ANTIDEPRESSANTS: Noradrenaline acts as neuro-transmitters and play a role in mood changes. Low level of noradrenaline leads to low signal-sending activity and hence leading to depression. So basically, if a person has low level of noradrenaline, he/she may suffer from depression.

Therefore, under such situation antidepressant drugs are required.

Antidepressant drugs inhibit enzymes which catalyse the degradation of the noradrenaline. Once the enzyme is inhibited, then noradrenaline is slowly metabolized and activates its receptors for longer periods of time, thereby counterbalance the effect of depression.

Hence, antidepressants can be described as the drugs which come inhibits the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of the noradrenaline.

Options (i) Iproniazid and (ii) Phenelzine are the antidepressants drugs

Whereas (iii) Equanil is a tranquilizer which is used in controlling depression and hypertension. (controls depression but isn’t an antidepressant).

And (iv) Salvarsan is a type of antibiotic.

Hence, options (i) and (ii) are correct and options (iii) and (iv) incorrect.

Let us discuss about penicillin and reach the conclusion

Following are some point about penicillin: -

• It is an antibacterial fungus.

• Ampicillin and Amoxycillin are synthetic modifications of penicillin.

• It has bactericidal effect. {Bactericidal effect means bacteria is being is killed because of the antibiotic}

• It comes under narrow spectrum antibiotic. {The full range of micro-organisms attacked by an antibiotic is called its spectrum. Broad spectrum antibiotics are medicines effective against several different types of harmful micro-organisms. For example, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, etc.}

Hence, from the above points it can be concluded that options (i), (ii) and are correct. Options (iii) and (iv) are incorrect.

Let’s define antacids first.

ANTACIDS: Substances which remove the excess acid and raise the pH to appropriate level in stomach are called antacids.

Options (ii) Sodium hydrogencarbonate and (iv) Magnesium hydroxide are administered as antacids. Although these treatments control only symptoms, and not the cause. Hence the patients can’t be treated easily.

Sodium carbonate [option (i)] is used as water softener, food processing aid, pH modifier swimming pool chemical and an electrolyte. (mild preservative)

Aluminium carbonate [option (iv)] is used in the food industry as a raising agent for the flat baked goods, such as cookies and crackers. (food additive).

Hence, options (ii) and (iii) are correct and options (i) and (iv) incorrect.

Let’s describe antihistamines before answering the question

ANTIHISTAMINES: These drugs are used to treat allergy, e.g., skin rashes. Since the allergic reactions are caused due to liberation of histamine in the body, that is why these drugs are called antihistamines. These drugs are also called as anti-allergic drugs.

Options (i) Ranitidine and (iv) Cimetidine are the antihistamines, which are antacids as they prevent the interaction of histamine the receptors present in the stomach wall.

Options (ii) Brompheniramine and (iii) Terfenadine are only antihistamines.

Hence, options (i) and (iv) are correct. Options (ii) and (iii) are incorrect.

Veronal and luminal are the derivatives of barbituric acid which are an important class of tranquilizers.

1). Let us now discuss about barbituric acid. Derivatives of barbituric acid, which is Verona, amytal, Nembutal, luminal and seconal constitute an important class of tranquilizers. These derivatives are called barbiturates. Barbiturates are hypnotic that is sleep producing agents.

2). Non-narcotic analgesics (non-addictive) are the non-addictive drugs reduce or abolish pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination or paralysis or some other disturbances of nervous system.

3). Antiallergic drugs controls allergies by controlling histamines. (histamine is a potent vasodilator. It has various functions.)

4). Neurologically active drugs are antidepressant drugs which inhibit the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline.

Hence, option (i)Tranquilizer is the correct option. Options (ii), (iii) and (iv) are incorrect.

Let us discuss about the anionic detergents to answer this

question.

Point to discuss are as follows: -

• They are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.

• Obtained by neutralization of Alkyl hydrogensulphate with alkali.

• The anionic part of the molecule is involved in the cleansing action.

• Sodium salt of alkybenzenesulphonates are an important class of anionic detergents.

Hence from the above discussion we can conclude that options (i) and (iv) are correct. Options (ii) and (iii) are incorrect.

Let’s analyze each option to find out which one are correct

Options (i) suggests that cationic detergents have germicidal properties which is true. (Germicidal properties means that the germs are being killed and terminated by the cationic detergents.)

Option (ii) says that bacteria can degrade the highly branched chains which is false. It’s easier to degrade straight chains by the bacteria

Option (iii) is correct as some synthetic detergents can give foam in ice cold water. For example, Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, Sodium 4-(1-dodecy) benzenesulphonate (SDS) etc.

Option(iv) comments that synthetic detergents are not soaps which is true. They do have all the properties of soaps but is not actually soap.

Hence options (i) and (iv) are the correct options. Options (ii) and (iii) are incorrect.

Drugs have an average molecular mass of 100-500u. A drug is a medicine or other substance that has a phycological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced in the body. There are various types of drugs namely stimulants, depressants, opium related painkillers, hallucinogens.

A medicine is a drug or preparation for the treatment or prevention of disease. medicines are used in the treatment of diseases and making one feel better than before. Medicines can be oral or injectable. Medicine aims to promote and maintain health.

Antiseptics are chemicals which are applied on living body tissues in case of cuts, wounds etc to prevent the growth of microorganisms. They are antimicrobial drugs that help in eliminating microbial action on the body. Antiseptics are different from disinfectants as the former are applied of living bodies whereas the latter is applied on nonliving things.

The drugs which are used to treat microbial functions are termed as antimicrobial drugs.i) antibiotics ii)sulpha drugs iii) antiseptics iv) disinfectants all these come under antimicrobial drugs which helps in controlling the microbial activities. They also include antifungals , antiprotozoals and antivirals.

Receptors are biological transducers that convert energy from external and internal environment into electrical impulses. receptors may be found on the cell surface membrane or within the cytoplasm. They respond to hydrophobic ligand molecules that are able to travel across the plasma membrane.

Hyperacidity is caused by an imbalance between acid secreting mechanism of the stomach and proximal intestine. hyperacidity is cause by the increase in the amount of acid in the stomach. It results into ulcers or gastric refluxes. This results in excess production of acid which leads to acidity.

This is the site other than the active site in which the drugs can bind and cause its action. An enzyme is a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. They help in regulating the chemical reactions taking place in the body.

A substrate is a surface on which an organism lives. In biochemistry, the substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. forces such as

i) Van der waal force

ii) hydrogen bonding

iii) dipole dipole interactions

iv) ionic bonds etc are involved in the binding of substrate.

Though the antibiotic arsphenamine and azodye are difference in species yet they possess a common corner. The type of linkage possessed by the antibiotic arsphenamine is similar to that of azodye. antibiotic arsphenamine posses –As=As- linkage which is similar to –N=N- linkage in azodye.

Sleeping pills consist of tranquilizers as a drug. A tranquilizer is a drug which is designed for the treatment of anxiety, fear, agitation and disturbances of mind especially to reduce states of anxiety and fear. Tranquilizers help in controlling depression.

Aspirin prevents blood clotting in the heart as it has anti-bloodclotting action. This action helps in preventing heart attack. Aspirine is also used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain. It is also used to reduce the condition of swelling at the time of arthiritis.

Antacids are drugs that counteract acid in the stomach and antihistamines are drugs that block histamine action in the body .both antacids and antiallergic drugs work on different receptors in the body and hence they cannot replace each other.

Soft soaps are the soaps that contain potassium salt of fatty acid as a major component. they are the soaps which are easily soluble. The soap is prepared by the process of soaponification. Glycerol is the side product of the soaponification reaction.

Excess of alkali can be found out using acid-base titration.

The alkali that is formed during the hydrolyses of oil during soap preparation may be a cause of excess alkali in the soap. Soap is prepared by the process called saponification.

This type of foaming is caused due to non-biodegradable detergents present in the water even after the sewage treatment. Detergents can be classified as biodegradable and non-biodegradable detergents. A detergent is a water-soluble cleansing agent which combines with impurities and dirt to make them more soluble.

A detergent is a water-soluble cleansing agent which combines with impurities and dirt to make them more soluble. anionic detergents are used in toothpastes to clean teeth and form suitable foam. Eg : sodium or ammonium lauryl sulphate

Cationic detergents are used in hair shampoos. eg: cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. Cationic detergents are quarternary ammonium salts of acetates, chlorides or bromides. they are called so because the cationic part of these detergents contain a long hydrocarbon chain.

Dishwashing soaps contain non-ionic detergents. these are synthetic detergents. a detergent is a water-soluble cleansing agent which combines with impurities and dirt to make them more soluble. They are effective cleanser and acts as surface-active agents.

The diagram showing micelle formation of CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3-Na+
Is as below;

In the above micelle formation, SO3- ion stay on the periphery of the above micelle.

Straight chain hydrocarbons in synthetic detergents are cause of easy biodegradability whereas branching causes non-biodegradability. Thus lesser the branching lesser is the non-polluting nature of the detergent and increased in branching causes the polluting nature of the detergent to increase.

Soaps are biodegradable in nature, so it is safer to use soaps in comparison to detergents which are non-biodegradable in nature. Biodegradable soaps don’t have a polluting nature and thus are safer to use as per environmental concern.

Analgesics are drugs that help in eliminating pain. These drugs are neurologically active drugs .they are safer to use as they do not hamper the nervous system or cause any other impairment. They help in eliminating pain without causing any other side effects.

Noradrenaline is a hormone that controls mood swings. low level of noradrenaline hampers the signal sending activity of the body and causes depression. Tranquilizers help In increasing the concentration of noradrenaline in the body and thus help in curing depression.

The basic differences between antiseptics and disinfectants are given below;
1. Antiseptic applied on living tissues whereas Disinfectants applied on non-living objetcs.
2. Antiseptics are antimicrobial in nature whereas Disinfectants are antimicrobial too.
3. Antiseptics are applied on cuts, wounds etc whereas Disinectants are applied to toilets, drains etc.

Magnesium hydroxide is insoluble in the stomach so it does not makes the stomach alkaline and thus is a better antacid as it does not allow the ph to rise from 7 whereas

Sodiumhydrogencarbonate being soluble dissolves in the stomach and thus making the stomach alkaline and also makes the pH of the stomach to rise above neutral.

Analgesics are group of drugs that help in achieving the state of analgesia i.e relief from pain. analgesics which are obtained from opium poppy are termed as opiate. They are narcotic in nature. These drugs act in different ways on the peripheral and central nervous system.

These drugs help in reducing pain such as cardiac pain ,postoperative pain, during childbirth etc. they also help in producing sleep. A narcotic is an addictive drug that reduces pain, induces sleep and may alter mood or behaviour.

These are the drugs that bind to the receptor site and prevent the natural action of the enzyme. These drugs may reduce the effectiveness of one or more of the drugs. They do not allow the enzyme action to happen.

Antimicrobial drugs help in the elimination of microbes such as bacteria, fungi etc. they are used to treat microbial infection. These drugs include antivirals, antiprotozoals, antivirals, antifungals etc. they stop the microbial action on a body.

Glycerol is the side product during soap formation.

The process of soap formation is referred as saponification. It is the process that involves the conversion of fat or oil into soap and

alcohol by action of heat in the presence of aqueous alkali.

Bathing soaps are usually soft whereas washing soaps are usually hard. Bathing soaps are free from unused alkali whereas washing soaps contain some residual alkali.
1. Bathing Soaps are usually soft whereas Washing soaps are usually hard.
2. Bathing Soaps are free from unused whereas Washing Soaps contain residual alkali. Bathing soaps are usually soft whereas washing soaps are usually hard. Bathing soaps are free from unused alkali whereas washing soaps contain some residual alkali.
1. Bathing Soaps are usually soft whereas Washing soaps are usually hard.
2. Bathing Soaps are free from unused whereas Washing Soaps contain residual alkali.

Soaps are dissolved in ethanol and subjected to evaporation. This produces transparent soaps. It is a hot process soap that uses solvents to dissolve the soap crystal that forms allowing light to pass therefore creating transparency.

Antacids do not control the production of excess acid. On the other hand antihistamines suppress the action of histamines and control the excess acid production. Thus they control both the symptoms and the cause. Hence antihistamine has a wider action and are more profitable to use.

Histamines controls the release of pepsin and HCl in the stomach. It is also associated with the problem of common cold and allergies. They are also associated with the problem of hyperacidity in the stomach. They are targeted by antihistamines that curb their actions

Tranquilizers increase the level of noradrinaline in the body thus curing the feeling of depression. Low levels of noradrenaline a cause of depression and anxiety. Tranquilizers help in regulating the amount of noradrenaline and thus curing the feeling of depression. They are also used in sleeping pills.

Some drugs block the active site of the enzyme and thus prevent the binding of substrate to the enzyme . it thus inhibit the enzyme activity, thus these drugs are called enzyme inhibitors.

The substances added to soaps to make it useful for a specific purpose are termed as fillers. Like addition of deodorants to some soaps.

Soaps are prepared by the process of saponification. It is the process that involves the conversion of fat or oil into soap and alcohol by action of heat in the presence of aqueous alkali.

Low calorie drinks contains artificial sweetening agents that are much more sweeter than normal sugar but do not produce any energy. Thus they are helpful for health conscious people as they consume sweet food but do not gain extra calories . sucralose and aspartame are the examples of some famous artificial weetning agents.

A preservative is a substance that is added to products such as food, beverages etc to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes .pickle contains table salt and sugar vegetable oils which act as preservatives. thus prevention pickels from spoiling.

Saccharin is an artificial sweetening agent with effectively no food energy. It is about 300-400 times as sweet as sucrose. Saccharic acid is a product of oxidation of glucose and conc HNo3. It is also called glucaric acid . its salts are called glucarates.

Sucralose which is 600 times sweeter than sucrose. It is a zero-calorie artificial sweetener and does not contain and food energy. Sucralose is made from sugar in a multistep chemical process. Splenda is the most famous sucralose based product.

i)aspartic acid

ii) phenylalanine

are two a-amino acids which form a dipeptide which is 100 times more sweeter than cane sugar.