1. What do you think is the
significance of reproductive health in a society?
Ans: Reproductive health
in a society is significant because the people are aware of
(i) birth control
methods and advantages of small family,
(ii) sexually transmitted diseases
and methods to avoid them,
(iii) importance breast feeding and post natal
care of the mother and baby and
(iv) equal opportunities for the male and
female children.
2. Suggest the aspects of
reproductive health which need to be given special attention in the present
scenario.
Ans:
The aspects of reproductive health which need to be given
special attention are :
3. Is sex education necessary
in schools? Why?
Ans: Yes, sex education
is necessary in school.Because introduction of sex education in school encourage
to provide the right or correct information to the young peoples so as to
discourage children from believing in myths & having misconceptions about
sex related aspects. Proper information about reproductive organs, safe &
hygienic sexual practices, STD’s etc. would help people, those in the adolescent
age group to lead a healthy reproductive life. In many countries, sexual
education raises much contentious debate. Chief among the controversial points
is whether covering child sexuality is valuable or detrimental; the use of birth
control such as condoms and hormonal contraception, and the impact of such use
on pregnancy, outside marriage, teenage pregnancy, and the transmission of STDs.
Increasing support for abstinence – only sex education by conservative groups
has been one of the primary causes of the controversies.
4. Do you think that
reproductive health in our country has improved in the past 50 years? If yes,
mention some such areas of improvement
Ans:
Yes, in the last 50 years, reproductive health in our country has improved. Some
such areas of improvement are (i) massive child immunization (ii) maternity and
child health (iii) increasing use of contraceptives (iv) family planning.
Bringing sexual and reproductive health services to the millions of people
living in countries which still suffer from short life expectancies, high levels
of child and maternal mortality, child lSS&ur and illiteracy and poor
overall health remains a major challenge for governments and non government
organizations.
5. What are the suggested
reasons for population explosion?
Ans:
(i) Increased health facilities along with better living
conditions had an explosive impact on the growth of population.
(ii) Decline
in Death rate
(iii) Decline in Maternal Mortality Rate
(iv) Decline in
Infant Mortality Rate
(v) Increase in the number of people in the
reproductive age.
6. Is the use of
contraceptives justified ? Give reasons.
Ans:
Population in India is increasing at a very fast rate and such a
growth necessitated intense use of contraceptive methods to bring all the
fertile couples under its cover. It will help in bringing the birth rate down
and consequently check the population growth. Therefore, the use of
contraceptives is justified. It is essential to mention here that the selection
of a suitable contraceptive method should be practiced in consultation with
qualified doctors. The government provides these facilities free at the family
planning centres. Contraceptives are given free or at nominal prices at these
centres to the couples of reproductive age desirous of preventing
conception.
7. Removal of gonads cannot
be considered as a contraceptive option. Why?
Ans:
Removal of gonads or its parts is a surgical method, of sterilization.
Vasectomy and tubectomy are carried out in males and females respectively. It
will lead to infertility & both male and female will be dependent on
hormones in their remaining life to regulate functioning of reproductive organs.
These are very effective but their irreversibility is very poor, so they are not
good options for contraception.
8. Amniocentesis for sex
determination is banned? in our country. Is this ban necessary?
Comment
Ans: Since Amniocentesis
is misused to find out the sex of the foetus leading to female foeticides, it is
necessary. It is the prenatal diagnostic
technique, that helps to find out
chromosomal (genetic) disorders, metabolic disorders of the foetus; in extreme
cases where the foetus is found to be suffering from an incurable disorder
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is banned. The solution to the problem is
not ‘ passing more laws, such as banning sex determination ultrasounds but
raising the social & economic status of women,
9. Suggest some methods to
assist infertile couples to have children.
Ans:
ART (Assisted Reproductive Technologies) is a term that
describes several different methods used to help infertile couples. ART involves
removing eggs from a woman’s body, mixing them with sperm in the laboratory and
putting the embryos bath into a woman’s body.
Success rates vary depending on
many factors.Something that affects the success rate of ART includes age of the
partners, reason for infertility,type of ART, if the egg is fresh or frozen.
Various methods are now available to help such couples are — in vitro
fertilization, gamete intra fallopian transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection
& artificial insemination.
(i) In vitro fertilization –
Patient’s egg & her partner’s sperm are collected & mixed together in a
laboratory to achieve fertilization outside the body. The embryo produced may
then be transferred into the female patient. It is commonly knownas test tube
baby programme.
(ii) Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT)
– A procedure in which eggs are retrieved from a woman, mixed with sperm &
immediately replaced in one or other of the women’s fallopian tubes so that they
fertilize inside the body (invivo).
(iii) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm
Injection (ICSI)– In this method, sperm & eggs are retrieved from
both the parents. A single sperm is injected directly into an egg, then the
fertilized egg is implanted into the woman’s uterus.
(iv)Artificial
insemination – In this technique, the semen is collected either from husband or
a healthy donor & is artificially introduced either into the vagina or into
the uterus of the female (IUI-Intra uterine insemination).
10. What are the measures one
has to take to prevent from contracting
STDs?
Ans:
(i) Avoiding sex with unknown partner /multiple partners.
(ii) Always use condoms during intercourse.
(iii) In case of doubt, go for
medical professional for early detection and get complete treatment if diagnosed
with disease.
(iv) Education & counselling of persons at risk on ways to
adopt safer sexual behaviour.
11. State True/False with
explanation
(a) Abortions could happen
spontaneously too. (True/False)
(b)
Infertility is defined as the inability to produce a viable offspring and is
always due to abnormalities/defects in the female partner. (True/False)
(c) Complete
lactation could help as a natural method of contraception.
(True/False)
(d) Creating awareness about sex
related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health of the
people. (True/False)
Ans: (a) True. Due to
internal factors like incompatibility, abortion could happen spontaneously.
(b)False. It is due to abnormalities/defects in either male or female or both
the partners.
(c)True, but it is limited to period up to six months after
parturition.
(d)True. Creating awareness about sex-related aspects removes
the myths and miconcep- tions about these problems.
12. Correct the following
statements:
(a) Surgical methods of contraception
prevent gamete formation.
(b
)Ail sexually transmitted diseases are completely
curable.
(c)
Oral pills are very popular contraceptives, among the rural
women.
(d) In
E.T. techniques, embryos are always transferred into the
uterus.
Ans:
(a) Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete transport
& thereby prevent conception.
(b) Except for hepatitis-B, genital herpes,
and HIV infections, other STD diseases are completely curable if detected early
and treated properly.
(c) Oral pill are very popular contraceptives among the
educated urban women.
(d) In E.T. techniques, embryos with 8 blastomeres are
transferred into fallopian tube and more than 8 blastomeres are transferred into
the uterus.