Here are the options for the answers to each Assertion and Reason question:
Options: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason
is the correct explanation for Assertion.
B) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not the correct
explanation for Assertion.
C) Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect.
D) Assertion is incorrect, but Reason is correct.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes are generally more reactive than
alkyl halides.
Reason (R): The C–X bond in haloalkanes is weaker compared to
other single bonds in organic compounds.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: The C–X bond in haloalkanes is weaker, making them
more reactive in nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes are non-polar molecules.
Reason (R): The electronegativity of halogens is similar to
that of carbon.
Answer: D) Assertion is incorrect, but Reason is correct.
Explanation: Haloalkanes are polar because of the difference in
electronegativity between carbon and halogens, creating a dipole moment. The
statement about halogen electronegativity is correct, but it doesn't lead to
non-polarity.
Assertion (A): The boiling point of haloalkanes increases with
the increasing size of the halogen.
Reason (R): Larger halogens have a greater number of electrons,
leading to stronger van der Waals forces.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Larger halogens, such as iodine, result in
stronger van der Waals forces due to their larger atomic size, leading to higher
boiling points.
Assertion (A): Chlorine is more reactive than iodine in
nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Reason (R): The C–I bond is weaker than the C–Cl bond, making
iodine less reactive.
Answer: D) Assertion is incorrect, but Reason is correct.
Explanation: The C–I bond is indeed weaker, but iodine is less
reactive in nucleophilic substitution reactions due to its larger size, making
the departure of the I– ion less favorable.
Assertion (A): Haloarenes are generally less reactive than
haloalkanes in nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Reason (R): The halogen in haloarenes is attached to the carbon
in an aromatic ring, making the carbon-halogen bond stronger.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: The resonance effect in haloarenes makes the C–X
bond stronger, reducing the reactivity in nucleophilic substitution.
Assertion (A): The solubility of haloalkanes in water is low.
Reason (R): Haloalkanes are polar molecules and can form
hydrogen bonds with water.
Answer: C) Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect.
Explanation: Although haloalkanes are polar, they are not very
soluble in water because they cannot form hydrogen bonds with water, as water is
highly polar.
Assertion (A): Grignard reagents are not reactive with
haloalkanes.
Reason (R): Haloalkanes are stable and do not react with
reactive substances like Grignard reagents.
Answer: D) Assertion is incorrect, but Reason is correct.
Explanation: Grignard reagents react with haloalkanes to form
new carbon-carbon bonds, making the assertion incorrect.
Assertion (A): The C–Cl bond in haloalkanes is weaker than the
C–Br bond.
Reason (R): Chlorine is less electronegative than bromine,
making the C–Cl bond weaker.
Answer: C) Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect.
Explanation: The C–Cl bond is stronger than the C–Br bond
because bromine is larger, and thus the bond is weaker due to the less effective
overlap of orbitals.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes are typically used as solvents in
organic reactions.
Reason (R): Haloalkanes have high dielectric constants, making
them suitable for dissolving a variety of organic compounds.
Answer: C) Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect.
Explanation: Haloalkanes are commonly used as solvents because
of their ability to dissolve non-polar substances, but they do not have high
dielectric constants.
Assertion (A): Phenyl chlorides are less reactive in
nucleophilic substitution reactions than alkyl chlorides.
Reason (R): The presence of the benzene ring in phenyl chloride
stabilizes the transition state.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: The resonance effect in phenyl chloride stabilizes
the transition state, making the nucleophilic substitution reaction slower.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution
reactions through the SN1 mechanism.
Reason (R): The reaction mechanism follows a two-step process
where the bond between the carbon and halogen breaks first, forming a
carbocation.
Answer: B) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is
not the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Haloalkanes undergo SN1 reactions, but the primary
factor is the stability of the carbocation, not just the bond breaking
mechanism.
Assertion (A): Nucleophilic substitution in haloalkanes is
faster with an alkyl group in the β-position.
Reason (R): The β-hydrogens can stabilize the transition state,
facilitating the reaction.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Beta-hydrogen atoms stabilize the transition state
via hyperconjugation, making the nucleophilic substitution reaction faster.
Assertion (A): The presence of an electron-withdrawing group on
the aromatic ring increases the reactivity of haloarenes in nucleophilic
substitution reactions.
Reason (R): Electron-withdrawing groups increase the positive
charge on the carbon atom to which the halogen is attached, making the bond
easier to break.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Electron-withdrawing groups make the carbon
attached to the halogen more electrophilic, increasing its reactivity in
nucleophilic substitution.
Assertion (A): The rate of nucleophilic substitution reactions
in haloalkanes increases with the size of the halogen.
Reason (R): Larger halogens form weaker bonds with carbon,
making it easier for the halogen to leave.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Larger halogens, such as iodine, form weaker bonds
with carbon, making nucleophilic substitution reactions faster.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes undergo elimination reactions more
readily in the presence of a strong base.
Reason (R): Strong bases abstract β-hydrogens, facilitating the
formation of alkenes through elimination.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: A strong base removes β-hydrogens from the
haloalkane, leading to the formation of alkenes via elimination.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes are typically less soluble in water
than alcohols of similar molecular weight.
Reason (R): Haloalkanes lack hydrogen bonding, which is present
in alcohols.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with water,
making them more soluble than haloalkanes, which lack such bonds.
Assertion (A): Chlorination of methane leads to the formation
of methyl chloride.
Reason (R): Chlorine reacts with methane in the presence of
ultraviolet light to form methyl chloride through free radical substitution.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: The free radical substitution mechanism leads to
the formation of methyl chloride when methane is chlorinated under UV light.
Assertion (A): The reaction between haloalkanes and
nucleophiles is influenced by the solvent.
Reason (R): Polar protic solvents stabilize the leaving group,
facilitating the reaction.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Polar protic solvents stabilize the leaving group
(halogen) and enhance the nucleophilicity of the attacking nucleophile,
increasing the rate of nucleophilic substitution.
Assertion (A): Tertiary haloalkanes undergo nucleophilic
substitution reactions faster than primary haloalkanes.
Reason (R): Tertiary carbocations are more stable, leading to
faster nucleophilic substitution.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Tertiary carbocations are more stable than primary
carbocations, making the nucleophilic substitution reaction faster for tertiary
haloalkanes.
Assertion (A): The C–Br bond in haloalkanes is stronger than
the C–Cl bond.
Reason (R): Bromine is more electronegative than chlorine,
resulting in a stronger bond.
Answer: C) Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect.
Explanation: The C–Br bond is weaker than the C–Cl bond because
bromine is larger, and the bond strength decreases with increasing atomic size.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes are commonly used as solvents in
organic reactions.
Reason (R): Haloalkanes are polar compounds, making them good
solvents for other polar compounds.
Answer: C) Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect.
Explanation: Haloalkanes are polar, but they are not very
effective solvents for polar compounds. They are often used to dissolve
non-polar compounds due to their non-polar nature.
Assertion (A): Chlorine reacts with methane in the presence of
ultraviolet light to form methyl chloride.
Reason (R): Chlorine molecules absorb UV light and form free
radicals, which initiate the substitution reaction.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: UV light causes chlorine molecules to form
chlorine radicals, which then react with methane to form methyl chloride through
a free radical mechanism.
Assertion (A): The rate of nucleophilic substitution increases
with the size of the halogen.
Reason (R): Larger halogens like iodine have a weaker bond with
carbon, making it easier for the halogen to leave.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Larger halogens like iodine have a weaker C–X
bond, making the halogen more easily displaced by nucleophiles.
Assertion (A): Haloarenes are less reactive in nucleophilic
substitution reactions compared to haloalkanes.
Reason (R): The aromatic ring in haloarenes exerts a resonance
effect, stabilizing the carbon-halogen bond.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: The resonance effect in the aromatic ring of
haloarenes stabilizes the C–X bond, making it less reactive in nucleophilic
substitution.
Assertion (A): The boiling point of haloalkanes increases with
the increasing size of the halogen.
Reason (R): Larger halogens have more electrons, leading to
stronger London dispersion forces between molecules.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: The larger the halogen, the stronger the London
dispersion forces, which increases the boiling point of haloalkanes.
Assertion (A): Tertiary haloalkanes undergo nucleophilic
substitution faster than primary haloalkanes.
Reason (R): Tertiary carbocations are more stable and can form
more easily than primary carbocations.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Tertiary carbocations are more stable,
facilitating faster nucleophilic substitution in tertiary haloalkanes.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes with a longer carbon chain tend to
be more reactive in nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Reason (R): Larger carbon chains lead to greater electron
density around the carbon attached to the halogen, making the C–X bond more
likely to break.
Answer: D) Assertion is incorrect, but Reason is correct.
Explanation: The length of the carbon chain does not directly
influence reactivity in nucleophilic substitution. The reactivity depends more
on factors like the stability of the leaving group and the type of halogen.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes have higher boiling points compared
to alcohols of similar molecular weight.
Reason (R): Haloalkanes form stronger hydrogen bonds than
alcohols, leading to higher boiling points.
Answer: D) Assertion is incorrect, but Reason is correct.
Explanation: Alcohols form hydrogen bonds, which are stronger
than the dipole-dipole interactions in haloalkanes, leading to higher boiling
points for alcohols.
Assertion (A): Aqueous sodium hydroxide reacts with haloalkanes
to form alcohols.
Reason (R): The hydroxide ion (OH-) from sodium hydroxide is a
strong nucleophile and can replace the halogen in the haloalkane.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: The hydroxide ion (OH-) replaces the halogen in a
nucleophilic substitution reaction, forming alcohols.
Assertion (A): The reactivity of haloalkanes decreases with the
increasing number of halogen atoms.
Reason (R): More halogens on the carbon chain create steric
hindrance, making the nucleophilic substitution slower.
Answer: D) Assertion is incorrect, but Reason is correct.
Explanation: The reactivity of haloalkanes generally increases
with the number of halogen atoms due to the higher electronegativity of
halogens. Steric hindrance may decrease reactivity, but it's not a consistent
rule.
Assertion (A): The presence of an electron-withdrawing group on
the aromatic ring increases the reactivity of haloarenes in nucleophilic
substitution reactions.
Reason (R): Electron-withdrawing groups increase the
electrophilicity of the carbon attached to the halogen, making it more
susceptible to nucleophilic attack.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Electron-withdrawing groups pull electron density
away from the ring, increasing the partial positive charge on the carbon
attached to the halogen, thereby enhancing reactivity in nucleophilic
substitution.
Assertion (A): The reactivity of haloalkanes is highest for
methyl halides.
Reason (R): Methyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution
via the SN2 mechanism, where the nucleophile attacks the carbon from the
opposite side of the halogen.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Methyl halides are more reactive because they are
small and undergo SN2 reactions, where the nucleophile directly attacks the
carbon, leading to faster substitution.
Assertion (A): In an electrophilic aromatic substitution,
haloarenes act as electron-withdrawing groups.
Reason (R): The halogen attached to the aromatic ring pulls
electron density towards itself, making the ring less reactive to electrophilic
attack.
Answer: C) Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect.
Explanation: While halogens are generally electron-withdrawing
through induction, they are electron-donating via resonance, making the ring
more reactive in electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes undergo elimination reactions in the
presence of a strong base.
Reason (R): Strong bases deprotonate β-hydrogens, resulting in
the formation of alkenes via the E2 mechanism.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Strong bases like KOH can deprotonate β-hydrogens,
facilitating the E2 elimination mechanism to form alkenes.
Assertion (A): Chlorination of alkanes forms a mixture of
products.
Reason (R): Chlorine atoms react with hydrogen atoms in the
alkane to form a variety of isomers.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Chlorine can substitute any hydrogen in the
alkane, leading to the formation of a mixture of mono-, di-, and higher
chlorinated products.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes with smaller alkyl groups are more
reactive than those with larger alkyl groups.
Reason (R): Smaller alkyl groups allow for easier attack by
nucleophiles due to less steric hindrance.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Smaller alkyl groups cause less steric hindrance,
making it easier for nucleophiles to attack the electrophilic carbon.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes exhibit optical isomerism.
Reason (R): Haloalkanes can have chiral centers, resulting in
non-superimposable mirror images.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: If the haloalkane has a chiral carbon, it can
exhibit optical isomerism, resulting in two non-superimposable mirror images.
Assertion (A): Alcohols can be synthesized from haloalkanes
using NaOH.
Reason (R): The hydroxide ion (OH-) replaces the halogen in the
haloalkane to form alcohols.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: The hydroxide ion (OH-) from NaOH replaces the
halogen in the haloalkane, resulting in alcohols.
Assertion (A): The rate of nucleophilic substitution in
haloalkanes increases with the leaving group ability.
Reason (R): A good leaving group stabilizes the transition
state and facilitates the departure of the halogen.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: A good leaving group stabilizes the transition
state, leading to a faster nucleophilic substitution reaction.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes are less soluble in water compared
to alcohols of similar molecular mass.
Reason (R): Haloalkanes do not form hydrogen bonds, while
alcohols can.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with water
molecules, increasing their solubility, whereas haloalkanes cannot form hydrogen
bonds.
Assertion (A): The reaction of a haloalkane with sodium cyanide
results in the formation of nitriles.
Reason (R): The cyanide ion (CN-) is a strong nucleophile and
displaces the halogen in haloalkanes.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Cyanide (CN-) is a strong nucleophile that
replaces the halogen, forming nitriles in the process.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes are not used as anesthetics.
Reason (R): Haloalkanes are highly toxic and are not safe for
inhalation.
Answer: C) Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect.
Explanation: Some haloalkanes, like halothane, are used as
anesthetics, although they are toxic in high doses.
Assertion (A): Allylic halides are more reactive in
nucleophilic substitution reactions compared to alkyl halides.
Reason (R): The allylic position can stabilize the intermediate
carbocation through resonance.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: The resonance stabilization of the carbocation
intermediate in allylic halides increases their reactivity in nucleophilic
substitution reactions.
Assertion (A): The formation of an alkene from a haloalkane
requires heating with a base.
Reason (R): Bases abstract a proton from a β-carbon, leading to
the formation of a double bond via elimination.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: A base abstracts a proton from the β-carbon of the
haloalkane, leading to the formation of an alkene via an elimination reaction.
Assertion (A): Alkyl halides can be prepared by free radical
halogenation of alkanes.
Reason (R): The free radical halogenation mechanism involves
the homolytic cleavage of the halogen molecule to form free radicals.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Free radical halogenation involves homolytic
cleavage of the halogen molecule to form radicals, which then react with alkanes
to form alkyl halides.
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes are highly soluble in organic
solvents.
Reason (R): Haloalkanes are non-polar and can dissolve in a
variety of non-polar solvents.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Due to their non-polar nature, haloalkanes
dissolve easily in organic solvents that are also non-polar.
Assertion (A): The solubility of haloalkanes in water increases
with the electronegativity of the halogen.
Reason (R): More electronegative halogens increase the polarity
of the molecule, making it more soluble in water.
Answer: D) Assertion is incorrect, but Reason is correct.
Explanation: The solubility of haloalkanes in water is not
significantly affected by the electronegativity of the halogen; they are
generally poorly soluble due to their non-polarity.
Assertion (A): The reaction of alcohols with HX leads to the
formation of haloalkanes.
Reason (R): Alcohols can undergo a nucleophilic substitution
reaction with HX to replace the hydroxyl group with a halogen.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Alcohols undergo nucleophilic substitution with HX
to form haloalkanes, where the -OH group is replaced by a halogen.
Assertion (A): Halogen exchange reactions can be carried out
using sodium iodide in acetone.
Reason (R): Sodium iodide in acetone favors the SN2 mechanism,
where the iodide ion replaces the halogen atom.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Sodium iodide in acetone favors the SN2 mechanism,
leading to halogen exchange and the formation of an iodide-containing product.
Assertion (A): Allyl and benzyl halides undergo nucleophilic
substitution faster than alkyl halides.
Reason (R): The carbocation intermediates in allyl and benzyl
halides are stabilized by resonance.
Answer: A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is
the correct explanation for Assertion.
Explanation: Allyl and benzyl halides undergo nucleophilic
substitution faster because their carbocation intermediates are stabilized by
resonance, making them more reactive.