1. Assertion (A): Reproductive health refers to the well-being
of individuals in all aspects of reproduction.
Reason (R): It includes physical, mental, and social
well-being, which is essential for reproductive health.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Reproductive health involves not only the physical
aspects of reproduction but also emotional and social well-being, ensuring
responsible parenthood and the prevention of reproductive health issues.
2. Assertion (A): Family planning is an important component of
reproductive health.
Reason (R): Family planning allows individuals to make informed
decisions about the timing and number of children.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Family planning helps individuals and couples plan
pregnancies and prevent unintended births, which is a critical aspect of
reproductive health.
3. Assertion (A): Safe motherhood refers to the health of women
during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period.
Reason (R): Safe motherhood practices aim to reduce maternal
mortality and promote overall well-being during these stages.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Safe motherhood ensures that pregnant women have
access to proper healthcare services, reducing maternal deaths and improving
health outcomes.
4. Assertion (A): The use of contraceptive methods is essential
for controlling population growth.
Reason (R): Contraceptive methods prevent unintended
pregnancies and promote family planning.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Contraception is a key tool for population
control, as it allows individuals to control reproduction and prevent
overpopulation.
5. Assertion (A): Hormonal contraceptives are commonly used
methods of contraception.
Reason (R): Hormonal contraceptives regulate ovulation and
prevent fertilization by altering hormonal levels.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Hormonal contraceptives, such as birth control
pills, prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus, making it difficult for
sperm to reach the egg.
6. Assertion (A): Male contraceptives are less commonly used
than female contraceptives.
Reason (R): Female contraceptives are more widely available and
socially accepted.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Female contraceptives are more commonly available
and accepted, whereas male contraceptives are fewer in number and have less
widespread use.
7. Assertion (A): Vasectomy is a permanent method of
contraception for males.
Reason (R): It involves the surgical removal or blocking of the
vas deferens, preventing sperm from reaching the urethra.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Vasectomy is a surgical procedure that cuts or
blocks the vas deferens, ensuring that sperm cannot be released during
ejaculation.
8. Assertion (A): Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are used for
contraception.
Reason (R): IUDs prevent fertilization by altering the
environment of the uterus.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: IUDs work by creating an environment that is
unfavorable for sperm or implantation, thus preventing pregnancy.
9. Assertion (A): Emergency contraceptive pills are used after
unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy.
Reason (R): These pills alter the hormonal balance and prevent
the fertilization or implantation of the egg.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Emergency contraceptive pills contain hormones
that prevent ovulation or alter the uterine lining, preventing pregnancy after
unprotected sex.
10. Assertion (A): Abortion is the termination of pregnancy.
Reason (R): Abortion is a legal option for terminating an
unwanted pregnancy under medical supervision.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Abortion can be performed safely under medical
supervision to end an unwanted pregnancy, ensuring the health of the woman.
11. Assertion (A): The practice of safe sex is an essential
aspect of reproductive health.
Reason (R): Safe sex practices help prevent sexually
transmitted infections (STIs) and unplanned pregnancies.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Safe sex, including the use of condoms, helps
protect against STIs and reduces the risk of unwanted pregnancies.
12. Assertion (A): Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are
preventable through the use of barrier contraceptives.
Reason (R): Barrier methods like condoms form a physical
barrier that prevents the transmission of STIs.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Condoms, as a form of barrier contraception,
prevent the exchange of bodily fluids, reducing the risk of STIs.
13. Assertion (A): HIV/AIDS is a major concern for reproductive
health worldwide.
Reason (R): HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, and its
effects are significant in terms of reproductive health.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: HIV/AIDS impacts reproductive health by impairing
immune function and increasing the risk of complications during pregnancy and
childbirth.
14. Assertion (A): Infertility is a reproductive health issue
that affects both men and women.
Reason (R): Infertility can result from various factors such as
hormonal imbalances, infections, or structural problems in the reproductive
organs.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Infertility can be caused by various factors
affecting both males and females, including hormonal, genetic, or physical
issues.
15. Assertion (A): Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
help infertile couples conceive.
Reason (R): ART involves medical procedures like IVF to assist
in the fertilization and implantation process.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: ART techniques such as IVF (in vitro
fertilization) aid in conception for infertile couples by facilitating the
fertilization process outside the body.
16. Assertion (A): Sex education is an essential component of
reproductive health.
Reason (R): Sex education helps individuals make informed
decisions about their sexual health and well-being.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Sex education promotes awareness about
reproductive health, contraception, and prevention of STIs, helping individuals
make responsible decisions.
17. Assertion (A): Reproductive health services should be
accessible to all individuals, regardless of gender or socio-economic status.
Reason (R): Access to reproductive health services ensures that
individuals can protect and manage their reproductive health effectively.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Equal access to reproductive health services is
essential to ensure that everyone can receive necessary care and information.
18. Assertion (A): Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can
be treated with antibiotics.
Reason (R): Antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial
STIs such as gonorrhea and syphilis.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Bacterial STIs can often be cured with
antibiotics, but viral infections like HIV require different treatments.
19. Assertion (A): Contraceptive methods help in preventing the
transmission of STIs.
Reason (R): Barrier methods like condoms help reduce the
transmission of STIs by preventing direct contact with bodily fluids.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Barrier methods like condoms are effective in
preventing the spread of STIs by blocking the exchange of fluids.
20. Assertion (A): Health education plays a significant role in
reproductive health.
Reason (R): Health education equips individuals with knowledge
about reproductive rights, contraceptive methods, and sexual health.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Educating individuals about reproductive health
issues leads to informed decision-making, reducing risks related to unplanned
pregnancies and STIs.
21. Assertion (A): The use of contraceptives is a personal
choice for individuals or couples.
Reason (R): The availability of different contraceptive options
allows individuals to choose the method that suits their needs and preferences.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Contraceptive choices are personal and depend on
factors such as health, convenience, and cultural beliefs.
22. Assertion (A): The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is an
important preventive measure for reproductive health.
Reason (R): The HPV vaccine protects against certain strains of
the virus that cause cervical cancer.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: The HPV vaccine helps prevent infection with
high-risk strains of the virus, reducing the risk of cervical cancer.
23. Assertion (A): Menstrual health is a key aspect of
reproductive health.
Reason (R): Menstrual health includes regular cycles, proper
hygiene, and management of menstruation-related issues.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Proper menstrual health management is essential
for overall reproductive health, as it affects fertility and overall well-being.
24. Assertion (A): Pregnancy-related health issues are a
significant part of reproductive health.
Reason (R): Pregnancy complications such as hypertension and
gestational diabetes need to be managed to ensure maternal and fetal health.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Managing pregnancy-related complications is
crucial to ensure the health of both the mother and the baby.
25. Assertion (A): Sexually transmitted infections can lead to
infertility.
Reason (R): Infections such as gonorrhea and chlamydia can
cause damage to the reproductive organs, leading to infertility.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Untreated STIs can cause scarring or blockages in
the reproductive organs, leading to infertility.
26. Assertion (A): Reproductive health is important for the
well-being of individuals and societies.
Reason (R): Good reproductive health ensures healthy
individuals and families, which contributes to the overall socio-economic
development.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Reproductive health is vital for individual
well-being and societal growth as it impacts quality of life and demographic
patterns.
27. Assertion (A): Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) can
help infertile couples have children.
Reason (R): ART includes procedures like IVF, where an egg and
sperm are fertilized outside the body and then implanted in the uterus.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: ART, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), helps
couples conceive when they are unable to do so naturally by facilitating the
fertilization process outside the body.
28. Assertion (A): The use of emergency contraceptive pills
after unprotected intercourse is an effective method of preventing pregnancy.
Reason (R): Emergency contraceptive pills work by delaying or
inhibiting ovulation, preventing fertilization or implantation.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Emergency contraceptive pills work by altering
hormonal levels to prevent or delay ovulation, preventing pregnancy after
unprotected sex.
29. Assertion (A): Condoms are the most effective method of
preventing both pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections.
Reason (R): Condoms form a barrier that prevents sperm from
entering the female reproductive tract and reduces the risk of STIs by blocking
direct contact.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Condoms are the only contraceptive method that
provides dual protection—against unwanted pregnancies and STIs—by forming a
physical barrier.
30. Assertion (A): Male sterilization involves vasectomy, which
is a permanent method of contraception.
Reason (R): Vasectomy involves cutting or sealing the vas
deferens, which prevents the sperm from being released during ejaculation.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Vasectomy is a surgical procedure that permanently
blocks the vas deferens, thus preventing sperm from being released during
ejaculation.
31. Assertion (A): Abortion is a safe medical procedure when
performed under appropriate medical supervision.
Reason (R): Legal and medically supervised abortions prevent
complications and ensure the health and safety of the woman.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: When performed in safe, legal conditions, abortion
is a medically safe procedure that helps prevent physical and psychological
complications.
32. Assertion (A): The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine helps
prevent cervical cancer.
Reason (R): HPV infection, particularly types 16 and 18, is a
major cause of cervical cancer.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: HPV, especially high-risk strains like 16 and 18,
is a significant cause of cervical cancer, and the HPV vaccine protects against
these strains.
33. Assertion (A): Sex education plays a crucial role in
reproductive health.
Reason (R): Comprehensive sex education informs individuals
about reproductive rights, safe sex practices, and methods of contraception.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Sex education helps reduce misconceptions, prevent
STIs, and promote healthy reproductive behaviors by educating individuals about
their reproductive rights and safe sex practices.
34. Assertion (A): Menstrual health is important for
reproductive health.
Reason (R): Irregular menstrual cycles or other menstrual
health issues can indicate underlying reproductive health problems.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Menstrual health is closely linked to overall
reproductive health. Problems such as irregular cycles can indicate hormonal
imbalances or reproductive disorders.
35. Assertion (A): A vasectomy is a reversible form of
contraception for men.
Reason (R): The vas deferens can be surgically rejoined to
restore fertility after a vasectomy.
Answer: (A) False, R is true.
Explanation: While vasectomy is intended to be permanent, in
some cases, it can be reversed, but success is not guaranteed. Reversal is a
complex procedure and not always effective.
36. Assertion (A): Intrauterine devices (IUDs) can cause
irregular bleeding in some women.
Reason (R): The insertion of an IUD can alter the hormonal
environment of the uterus, causing changes in the menstrual cycle.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: IUDs can cause changes in menstrual bleeding
patterns as they alter the hormonal balance or the physical conditions in the
uterus.
37. Assertion (A): Menstruation is a key indicator of
reproductive health in women.
Reason (R): Regular menstruation indicates hormonal balance and
the proper functioning of the reproductive organs.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Regular menstruation is a sign of good
reproductive health, indicating that the body is functioning normally in terms
of hormonal levels and reproductive organ health.
38. Assertion (A): Male contraceptives are less common than
female contraceptives.
Reason (R): Female contraceptives, such as birth control pills
and IUDs, have been available for a longer time and are more socially accepted.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Male contraceptives are less commonly used because
fewer options have been developed, and societal factors may affect their
acceptance and use.
39. Assertion (A): Hormonal contraceptives are very effective
but may have side effects.
Reason (R): Hormonal contraceptives alter the body’s natural
hormonal balance, which can lead to side effects like weight gain and mood
changes.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Hormonal contraceptives work by altering hormone
levels to prevent ovulation and fertilization, but they can also cause side
effects like mood swings and weight changes in some individuals.
40. Assertion (A): Reproductive health includes preventing and
managing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Reason (R): STDs can affect both men and women, leading to
infertility, and other complications if left untreated.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Prevention and treatment of STDs are crucial
components of reproductive health to ensure the well-being of individuals and
prevent long-term complications like infertility.
41. Assertion (A): Infertility can be treated using ART methods
like IVF.
Reason (R): ART techniques such as IVF help bypass issues
related to sperm, egg, or uterine conditions that cause infertility.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: ART, such as IVF, provides solutions to
infertility by fertilizing eggs outside the body and implanting the fertilized
embryo into the uterus.
42. Assertion (A): Contraceptive implants are a long-term
solution for preventing pregnancy.
Reason (R): Implants release hormones into the body that
prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus, providing long-term contraception.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Contraceptive implants are inserted under the skin
and release hormones over time to prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and
making it difficult for sperm to reach the egg.
43. Assertion (A): STIs can be transmitted even without
penetrative sex.
Reason (R): STIs like herpes and HIV can be transmitted through
skin-to-skin contact or sharing needles.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Many STIs can be transmitted through
non-penetrative sexual activities, such as skin-to-skin contact or through the
sharing of contaminated needles.
44. Assertion (A): Education on reproductive health should
begin early in life.
Reason (R): Early education helps individuals make informed
decisions about their sexual and reproductive health throughout their lives.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Early education helps young people understand
their bodies, make healthy decisions, and reduce the risk of reproductive health
problems later in life
45. Assertion (A): Birth control pills are considered one of
the most effective reversible contraceptive methods.
Reason (R): These pills inhibit ovulation by altering the
hormonal cycle in females.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Birth control pills use hormones like estrogen and
progesterone to prevent ovulation, thereby acting as a highly effective
reversible contraceptive method.
46. Assertion (A): Overpopulation can lead to resource
depletion and environmental degradation.
Reason (R): Effective family planning measures can help in
controlling population growth and reducing pressure on resources.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Overpopulation strains resources and the
environment. Family planning measures like contraception help manage population
growth effectively.
47. Assertion (A): Female sterilization is achieved by a
procedure called tubectomy.
Reason (R): Tubectomy involves cutting and tying the fallopian
tubes to prevent the ovum from reaching the uterus.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Tubectomy is a surgical method of contraception
that blocks the fallopian tubes, preventing fertilization.
48. Assertion (A): Unwanted pregnancies can be prevented by
using oral contraceptive pills.
Reason (R): Oral contraceptives are hormonal pills that prevent
ovulation and alter the uterine lining to make it unsuitable for implantation.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Oral contraceptives use synthetic hormones to
prevent ovulation and make implantation difficult, thus avoiding unwanted
pregnancies.
49. Assertion (A): Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like
syphilis and gonorrhea can be completely cured if detected early.
Reason (R): Early diagnosis allows for effective antibiotic
treatment, preventing the disease from causing long-term complications.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Bacterial STIs like syphilis and gonorrhea are
treatable with antibiotics, especially if diagnosed early.
50. Assertion (A): Family planning methods are only intended
for women.
Reason (R): Most contraceptive methods are designed for women,
as they bear the burden of pregnancy.
Answer: (D) A is false, but R is true.
Explanation: While more contraceptive options are available for
women, family planning is the responsibility of both partners, and methods for
men, like condoms and vasectomy, also exist.