Assertion (A): Biotechnology is the manipulation of living
organisms or their components to produce useful products.
Reason (R): Biotechnology includes the use of organisms to
synthesize substances like enzymes, antibiotics, and hormones.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Biotechnology involves manipulating organisms to
produce substances like enzymes and hormones that are valuable in industries
such as pharmaceuticals and agriculture.
Assertion (A): Genetic engineering is a branch of biotechnology
that involves modifying the DNA of an organism.
Reason (R): Genetic engineering techniques enable scientists to
introduce foreign genes into organisms, altering their traits.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Genetic engineering uses recombinant DNA
technology to modify an organism’s genome by adding, removing, or altering
genes, resulting in genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Assertion (A): Biotechnology has helped in the development of
genetically modified crops.
Reason (R): GM crops are engineered to resist pests, tolerate
herbicides, and enhance nutrient content.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Genetic modifications in crops, such as Bt cotton
or golden rice, enhance crop productivity, improve resistance to pests, and
increase nutrient content.
Assertion (A): Transgenic organisms are organisms that have
been genetically modified by incorporating foreign DNA.
Reason (R): Transgenic organisms are produced by inserting a
gene of interest into the genome of the organism using techniques like gene
cloning.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Transgenic organisms are engineered to carry
foreign genes, which confer new traits, such as disease resistance or improved
growth, making them useful in agriculture and medicine.
Assertion (A): Gene therapy is used to treat genetic disorders
by correcting defective genes.
Reason (R): Gene therapy involves introducing functional genes
into a patient’s cells to replace defective or missing ones.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Gene therapy aims to treat genetic disorders by
adding, deleting, or altering genes inside a patient's cells to correct genetic
defects.
Assertion (A): Recombinant DNA technology is used in the
production of insulin.
Reason (R): Insulin is produced by inserting the human insulin
gene into bacterial DNA, which allows bacteria to produce insulin.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Recombinant DNA technology enables the insertion
of the human insulin gene into bacteria, which then produce insulin that is
purified and used for treating diabetes.
Assertion (A): Biofortification is a method used to improve the
nutritional value of crops.
Reason (R): Biofortified crops contain higher levels of
essential nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, compared to conventional
crops.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Biofortification involves the genetic modification
of crops to enhance their nutritional content, addressing deficiencies in
essential micronutrients.
Assertion (A): Biodegradable plastics are derived from
renewable biological resources.
Reason (R): Biodegradable plastics are made from natural
polymers, such as starch or polylactic acid, which break down under
environmental conditions.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Biodegradable plastics, produced from renewable
resources like starch or sugar, decompose naturally in the environment, reducing
pollution.
Assertion (A): Bioremediation uses microorganisms to clean up
pollutants in the environment.
Reason (R): Certain microorganisms are capable of metabolizing
harmful substances, transforming them into harmless by-products.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Bioremediation is a process where microorganisms
degrade environmental pollutants such as oil spills, heavy metals, or organic
waste, converting them into less toxic substances.
Assertion (A): Fermentation is used in the production of
various food products and beverages.
Reason (R): Fermentation involves the conversion of organic
substrates into useful products, such as alcohol and lactic acid, by
microorganisms.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Microbial fermentation is used to produce products
like ethanol, cheese, yogurt, and bread, where microorganisms like yeast or
bacteria break down sugars to produce alcohol or acids.
Assertion (A): Genetically modified (GM) organisms have been
developed for the production of therapeutic proteins.
Reason (R): GM organisms, such as bacteria or plants, can be
engineered to produce therapeutic proteins like antibodies, hormones, and
vaccines.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Genetic modifications allow microorganisms and
plants to produce valuable proteins used in medicine, including insulin,
vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies.
Assertion (A): PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique
used to amplify small segments of DNA.
Reason (R): PCR uses repeated cycles of DNA denaturation,
primer binding, and DNA synthesis to make millions of copies of a specific DNA
segment.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: PCR is a method to amplify a small DNA segment by
repeating cycles of denaturation, primer annealing, and DNA synthesis, leading
to the exponential amplification of the target sequence.
Assertion (A): Antibodies are used in immunotherapy to treat
cancer.
Reason (R): Monoclonal antibodies are designed to target
specific cancer cells, delivering therapeutic agents directly to the tumor site.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Monoclonal antibodies are used in targeted cancer
therapies, where they bind to specific cancer cell antigens, delivering drugs or
radiation directly to the tumor site.
Assertion (A): Bt cotton is genetically engineered to resist
insect pests.
Reason (R): Bt cotton contains a gene from Bacillus
thuringiensis that produces a protein toxic to certain insects, protecting
the cotton crop.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Bt cotton has been modified to express
Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, which is harmful to insect pests but safe for
humans and other animals, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.
Assertion (A): Restriction enzymes are used in genetic
engineering to cut DNA at specific sequences.
Reason (R): Restriction enzymes recognize specific short
sequences of DNA and cleave the DNA molecules at or near these sites.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at
specific sequences, allowing scientists to isolate and manipulate genes in
genetic engineering processes.
Assertion (A): Human insulin is produced in genetically
modified bacteria.
Reason (R): The gene for human insulin is inserted into
Escherichia coli bacteria, which then produce insulin in large quantities.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: The human insulin gene is inserted into E.
coli using recombinant DNA technology, and the bacteria produce insulin,
which is then purified for medical use.
Assertion (A): Biotechnology can be used to develop plants
resistant to drought.
Reason (R): Genetic engineering allows the introduction of
genes that help plants tolerate water stress and survive in dry conditions.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Biotechnology enables the development of
drought-resistant crops by incorporating genes that allow plants to cope with
water scarcity.
Assertion (A): Golden rice has been engineered to contain
higher levels of vitamin A.
Reason (R): Golden rice contains genes that produce
beta-carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the human body.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Golden rice is genetically modified to produce
beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, helping to combat vitamin A deficiency
in developing countries.
Assertion (A): Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis
are toxic to pests.
Reason (R): Cry proteins are toxic to the gut of certain
insects, disrupting their digestive system and killing them.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Cry proteins produced by Bacillus
thuringiensis have insecticidal properties and are used in Bt crops to
protect them from pests.
Assertion (A): The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique
requires specific primers to amplify a desired DNA sequence.
Reason (R): Primers are short DNA sequences that provide a
starting point for DNA polymerase to begin DNA synthesis during PCR.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: In PCR, primers bind to the specific DNA region of
interest, allowing DNA polymerase to replicate the target sequence during
amplification.
Assertion (A): Gene cloning is a technique used to produce
copies of specific genes.
Reason (R): Gene cloning involves inserting the gene of
interest into a vector, which is then introduced into a host organism for
replication.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Gene cloning involves isolating a gene and
inserting it into a vector, which is introduced into a host cell for
replication, allowing mass production of the gene.
Assertion (A): Biotechnological applications in agriculture
have led to the development of herbicide-resistant crops.
Reason (R): Herbicide-resistant genes are inserted into crops,
allowing them to survive herbicide treatment without damage.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Genetic engineering enables the insertion of genes
that confer herbicide resistance, allowing crops to thrive even when herbicides
are applied to kill weeds.
Assertion (A): PCR is widely used for DNA fingerprinting.
Reason (R): PCR allows for the amplification of specific DNA
regions, which can then be analyzed for genetic identification.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: PCR amplifies DNA segments that are unique to
individuals, enabling DNA fingerprinting for identification purposes in criminal
investigations and paternity tests.
Assertion (A): Biotechnology can be used to develop
biopesticides.
Reason (R): Biopesticides are derived from natural organisms
and are used to control pests without harming the environment.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Biopesticides, such as those produced by
Bacillus thuringiensis, are biological control agents that target specific
pests, reducing the need for chemical pesticides and minimizing environmental
impact.
Assertion (A): Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce
human growth hormone.
Reason (R): The gene for human growth hormone is inserted into
bacterial plasmids, allowing bacteria to produce the hormone in large
quantities.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Recombinant DNA technology enables the production
of human growth hormone by inserting the gene into bacteria, which then produce
the hormone for medical use.
Assertion (A): Bt crops are engineered to be resistant to
pests.
Reason (R): The Bacillus thuringiensis gene inserted
into the crops produces proteins that are toxic to specific insect pests.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: The gene from Bacillus thuringiensis
produces a protein toxic to pests, protecting crops like cotton and corn from
insect damage.
Assertion (A): Gene therapy aims to correct genetic disorders
by altering defective genes in patients.
Reason (R): Gene therapy involves the transfer of normal genes
into a patient’s cells to replace or repair defective genes.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Gene therapy aims to cure genetic disorders by
delivering functional copies of genes into a patient's cells to compensate for
defective or missing genes.
Assertion (A): Cloning is the process of creating an identical
copy of an organism.
Reason (R): Cloning involves transferring the nucleus of a
somatic cell into an egg cell, which then develops into an organism genetically
identical to the donor.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Cloning creates genetically identical organisms by
transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an enucleated egg cell, which
develops into a clone of the donor organism.
Assertion (A): Microbial fuel cells are an application of
biotechnology.
Reason (R): Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to break down
organic material and generate electricity.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Microbial fuel cells harness the metabolic
activity of bacteria to convert organic waste into electrical energy,
representing an innovative application of biotechnology.
Assertion (A): The application of biotechnology in medicine has
led to the development of vaccines.
Reason (R): Recombinant DNA technology allows the production of
safer and more effective vaccines by introducing antigens into host organisms
for immune response.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Biotechnology enables the production of
recombinant vaccines, where genes encoding viral antigens are inserted into
suitable hosts to induce immune responses.
Assertion (A): Synthetic biology is an emerging field in
biotechnology.
Reason (R): Synthetic biology involves designing and
constructing new biological parts, devices, and systems that do not exist in
nature.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Synthetic biology combines biology, engineering,
and computer science to create new synthetic organisms or biological systems for
industrial, medical, or environmental purposes.
Assertion (A): Biotechnology is used in the production of
biofuels.
Reason (R): Biofuels are derived from renewable biological
sources, and biotechnology helps in optimizing microbial processes to produce
them efficiently.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Biotechnology facilitates the production of
biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel by utilizing microorganisms or enzymes to
convert biomass into fuel.
Assertion (A): Recombinant DNA technology is useful in the
production of monoclonal antibodies.
Reason (R): Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing a
specific immune cell with a cancer cell to form hybridomas, which can be
cultured for antibody production.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Recombinant DNA technology enables the creation of
monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma cells, which are capable of producing
large amounts of a specific antibody.
Assertion (A): The application of biotechnology in food
production has led to genetically modified food products.
Reason (R): Genetic modifications in crops can enhance their
yield, nutritional value, and resistance to diseases and pests.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Biotechnology is applied in agriculture to create
genetically modified crops that have improved traits such as better yield,
disease resistance, and enhanced nutritional content.
Assertion (A): Biotechnology has enabled the development of
diagnostic kits for detecting diseases.
Reason (R): Diagnostic kits often use antibodies or enzymes to
detect specific pathogens or disease markers in biological samples.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Biotechnology plays a key role in developing
diagnostic kits that utilize specific biological agents like antibodies or
enzymes to detect the presence of pathogens or disease markers.
Assertion (A): Biotechnology is used in agriculture to produce
pest-resistant plants.
Reason (R): Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis are
introduced into plants to make them resistant to insect pests.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Bt crops are genetically engineered to produce
Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, which protects them from specific insect
pests without the need for chemical pesticides.
Assertion (A): Biotechnology has contributed to the development
of new antibiotics.
Reason (R): Biotechnology techniques like fermentation and
genetic engineering help in the production of antibiotics by microorganisms.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Biotechnology has enabled the production of
antibiotics by optimizing microbial fermentation processes and using genetic
modifications to enhance antibiotic yield.
Assertion (A): Bioinformatics is a critical tool in
biotechnology.
Reason (R): Bioinformatics involves the use of computer
software to analyze biological data, which aids in understanding genes,
proteins, and their functions.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Bioinformatics helps manage and analyze large
volumes of biological data, such as genetic sequences, which is essential for
advances in biotechnology and medicine.
Assertion (A): Biotechnology is used to develop plants that are
resistant to viral diseases.
Reason (R): Biotechnology techniques, like gene silencing, can
be used to suppress the expression of viral genes in plants.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Biotechnology, including RNA interference and gene
silencing, is used to create plants that are resistant to viral infections by
disrupting the viral replication process.
Assertion (A): Enzyme biotechnology plays a major role in
industrial applications.
Reason (R): Enzymes from microorganisms are used in various
industrial processes such as brewing, baking, and textile processing.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Microbial enzymes are used in industries for
processes like fermentation in brewing, baking, and other applications,
improving efficiency and sustainability.
Assertion (A): DNA sequencing is essential for the development
of personalized medicine.
Reason (R): DNA sequencing helps in identifying genetic
variations that influence drug responses, allowing for customized treatments.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: DNA sequencing allows for the identification of
genetic variations that impact how individuals respond to medications, enabling
personalized treatment plans.
Assertion (A): GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) are often
used in agriculture to improve crop yields.
Reason (R): GMOs are engineered to possess traits such as
improved resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stress.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: GMOs are designed to have beneficial traits that
increase crop yield by making them more resistant to external stressors, which
benefits agricultural productivity.
Assertion (A): Biotechnology applications include the
production of insulin for diabetes management.
Reason (R): Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce
insulin by inserting the human insulin gene into bacterial cells, which then
synthesize the hormone.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Recombinant DNA technology is used to insert the
human insulin gene into bacteria, which then produce insulin, a key treatment
for diabetes.
Assertion (A): Biotechnology is used to create genetically
modified microorganisms for the production of valuable products.
Reason (R): Genetic modification of microorganisms can enhance
their ability to produce enzymes, hormones, and other bio-based products.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Genetically engineered microorganisms are often
used in biotechnology to produce enzymes, hormones, and other bio-based products
in large quantities.
Assertion (A): Biotechnology is used in bioremediation to clean
up environmental pollutants.
Reason (R): Certain microorganisms have the ability to degrade
harmful pollutants, and biotechnology harnesses these capabilities for
environmental cleanup.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Bioremediation utilizes microorganisms to break
down and neutralize pollutants in the environment, a process enhanced by
biotechnology techniques.
Assertion (A): Biotechnology involves manipulating biological
organisms for practical uses.
Reason (R): Biotechnology uses biological processes to develop
products and technologies that address various human needs in medicine,
agriculture, and industry.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Biotechnology manipulates organisms to develop
products that benefit society, including medicines, agricultural products, and
environmental solutions.
Assertion (A): Biodegradable plastics can be produced through
biotechnology.
Reason (R): Microorganisms can be genetically engineered to
produce bioplastics, which are more eco-friendly than conventional plastics.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Biotechnology enables the production of
biodegradable plastics by modifying microorganisms to produce plastic-like
materials that break down naturally in the environment.
Assertion (A): Biotechnology can be used for the production of
therapeutic proteins.
Reason (R): By inserting the gene for a therapeutic protein
into a suitable host organism, large quantities of the protein can be produced
for medical use.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Recombinant DNA technology is used to insert
therapeutic protein genes into hosts like bacteria or yeast, which then produce
the proteins in large quantities for medical applications.
Assertion (A): Recombinant DNA technology is central to the
production of genetically modified crops.
Reason (R): Recombinant DNA technology allows scientists to
transfer specific genes from one organism to another, enhancing desirable traits
in crops.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Recombinant DNA technology enables the transfer of
genes that confer beneficial traits, such as resistance to pests or enhanced
nutritional content, into crops.
Assertion (A): The development of transgenic organisms is a
major achievement of biotechnology.
Reason (R): Transgenic organisms contain genes from other
species, which give them new traits that were not naturally present in the
original organism.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.
Explanation: Transgenic organisms are created by introducing
genes from other species, giving them new characteristics, which is a key
application of biotechnology.