CBSE-Class-10-Social-Science-Question-bank-Political-Science-Chapter-6-Political-Parties

Class 10^th Social Science- Political Parties

POLITICAL PARTIES

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

Q.1. State the various functions political parties perform in a democracy.

Ans. (i) Political parties contest elections to win the majority and form the government. They

choose candidates who are popular personalities known to their voters. In India, they are

chosen by the top leaders, in most countries by members of the party.

(ii) Political parties prepare their policies and programmes and make them known to the

public. They make every attempt to convince the public that their programme is the best.

They organise public meetings, speeches, demonstrations to gain public support. They

even announce policy changes if once they are elected.

(iii) Political parties mobilise public opinion on major issues through pressure groups. They

not only inform the public, they also seek its support involving problems facing the

country.

(iv) Political parties play a major role in making laws for the country. No law can become a

bill unless all parties support it. Parties follow the direction given by their party leaders.

(v) Political parties form an important link between the government and the people. It is easy

for the public to approach their local leader than a government official. The local leader

has to listen to the public demand, otherwise he will lose the next election.

Q.2. What are the various challenges faced by political parties.

Explain how political parties are still in the grip of some serious challenges.

Ans. 1. Lack of Internal Democracy : (i) Every member of the party does not have a chance to

take part in decision making process. (ii) Every member is not consulted before taking a

decision. (iii) There is no proper organisation or registration of members. (iv) Power

remains in the hands of a few top leaders, who do not consult ordinary members.

(v) Ordinary members have no information about the internal working of the party.

2. Dynastic succession : With power in the hands of a few top leaders, all party positions

go to their family members. These members may not be qualified or have the ability to

hold their positions. People who come from weaker sections, or have no contact with the

top leaders, cannot rise to the top positions.

3. Money and Muscle Power : Various political parties contest elections, there is

competition and a lot of money is needed. Money is needed to organise demonstrations,

public meetings and speeches to publicise the image of the party. Parties choose those

candidates who can raise money for the party and win elections with their money. Money

power is felt in older democracies like USA also.

4. Meaningful choice to others : In India, like many other countries, the fundamental issues

raised by parties are the same. On the economic front, all parties have the same agenda

— help the weaker sections, equity and jobs for all, etc. The only difference is the priority

they will give to any problem. Voters do not have a meaningful choice. Even leaders keep

changing parties, thus confusing the voter.

Q.3. Suggest some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform their functions well.

“The elimination of flows of political parties seem difficult but not impossible.”

Justify the statement with suggestions.

Ans. (i) A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties.

(ii) It should be mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about

1/3rd to the women candidates.

(iii)There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to

support the election expenses.

Q.4. What is a political party?

Ans. A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and form the

government. Its members are people who have common interests, concerns and goals. They

agree on a political agenda and policies and try to convince people that their policies are best

suited to the country. They put up candidates to fight elections and try to win popular support

for their policies. They work for the collective interest of the society and not for a particular

section of society.

Q.5. What are the characteristics of a political party?

Ans. (i) A political party has members who agree on some policies and programmes for the society

with a view to promote common good.

(ii) It seeks to implement the policies by winning popular support through elections.

(iii) A political party has three components :

the leaders, the active members and the followers.

(iv) A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold

power in the government.

Q.6. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the

lists.

List I List II

1. Congress Party A National Democratic Alliance

2. Bharatiya Janata Party B State Party

3. Communist Party of India (Marxist) C United Progressive Alliance

4. Telugu Desam Party D Left Front

1 2 3 4

(A) C A B D

(B) C D A B

(D) D C A B

Ans. (C)

Q7. Who among the following is the founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party?

A. Kanshi Ram B. Sahu Maharaj

C. B.R. Ambedkar D. Jotiba Phule

Ans. (A)

Q.8. What is the guiding philosophy of the Bhartiya Janata Party?

A. Dalit welfare B. Revolutionary democracy

C. Integral humanism D. Modernity

Ans. (C)

Q.9. Consider the following statements on parties :

A. Political parties do not enjoy much trust among the people.

B. Parties are often rocked by scandals involving top party leaders.

C. Parties are not necessary to run governments.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) A, B, and C (b) A and B (c) B and C (d) A and C

Ans. (b)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q.1. Which of these statements is incorrect?

(a) Parties reflect fundamental political unity in a society

(b) Parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than others

(d) All the above

Ans. (d)

Q.2. Parties put forward their _____ and _____ the voters choose from them.

(a) policies, programmes

(b) rules, regulations

(d) all the above

Ans. (a)

Q.3. Political parties exercise power through which of these functions?

(a) Parties contest elections

(b) They play a decisive role in making laws for a country

(d) All the above

Ans. (d)

Q.4. Who chooses the candidates for contesting elections in India?

(a) Members and supporters of the party

(b) Top party leadership

(d) None of these

Ans. (b)

Q.5. When was the Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M) formed?

(a) 1952 (b) 1954

Ans. (d)

Q.6. Which of these statements is incorrect about CPI (M)?

(a) Supports socialism, secularism and democracy

(b) Opposes imperialism and communalism

(d) None of the above

Ans. (d)

Q.7. In which of these states does the CPI (M) enjoy strong support?

(a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Andhra Pradesh

Ans. (c)

Q.8. Fill in the blank.

An ______ is a signed document submitted to an officer, where a person makes a sworn statement regarding her

personal information.

(a) affidavit (b) declaration

Ans. (a)

Q.9. Which of these statements is correct?

(a) Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission

(b) The Commission treats all the parties equally

(d) All the above

Ans. (d)

Q.10. How many parties are registered with the Election Commission of India?

(a) 250 (b) 300

Ans. (d)

Q.11. Which of these countries has a one party system?

(a) India (b) China

Ans. (b)

Q.12. Which of these is not a good option for a democratic state?

(a) One-party system

(b) Two-party system

(d) None of the above

Ans. (a)

Q.13. Which of the following countries is the example of two-party system?

(a) USA (b) UK

Ans. (d)

Q.14. Which of these alliances were there in 2004 parliamentary elections in India?

(a) National Democratic Alliance

(b) The United Progressive Alliance

(d) All the above

Ans. (d)

Q.15. Which of these is true regarding the party system of any country?

(a) The Constitution lays down party system

(b) No country can choose its party system

(d) Important leaders choose their party system

Ans. (b)

Q.16. Those parties which are given the special privilege of ‘election symbol’ and other facilities are said to be :

(a) ‘identified’ by the Election Commission

(b) ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission

(d) ‘attached’ by the Election Commission

Ans. (b)

Q.17. Which party is recognised as a ‘State party’?

(a) A party that secures 6% of total votes in the Assembly election

(b) A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the State Assembly and wins at least 2 seats

(d) None of the above

Ans. (b)

Q.18. How many recognised national parties were there in 2006?

(a) 5 (b) 6

Ans. (b)

Q.19. In which of these categories can the Indian National Congress be put?

(a) Centrist party (b) Rightist party

Ans. (a)

Q.20. When was the BJP founded?

(a) 1960 (b) 1970

Ans. (c)

Q.21. The BJP formed the government in 1998 as the leader of an alliance. Name the alliance.

(a) National Democratic Alliance

(b) United Progressive Alliance

(d) United Democratic Alliance

Ans. (a)

Q.22. When and under whose leadership was Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) formed?

(a) 1982, Mayawati

(b) 1984, Kanshi Ram

(d) 1986, Bhajanlal

Ans. (b)

Q.23. From the ideas and teaching of which of these leaders does BSP draw inspiration?

(a) Sahu Maharaj

(b) Mahatma Phule and Ramaswami Naicker

(d) All the above

Ans. (d)

Q.24. In which state does NCP have a major support?

(a) Maharashtra (b) Meghalaya

Ans. (a)

Q.25. Which of these parties has national level political organisations?

(a) Samajwadi Party

(b) Telugu Desam Party

(d) None of the above

Ans. (d)

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Q.1. Which one of the following is not a component of a political party ?

(a) The leaders

(b) The followers

(d) Women

Ans. (d)

Q.2. Which one of the following is true regarding a coalition government ?

(a) Only two parties form an alliance and contest elections.

(b) Several parties compete for power.

(d) Several parties form an alliance and compete for power.

Ans. (c)

Q.3. Which one of the following is not true regarding the government order that makes it mandatory for an election candidate to declare his details in an affidavit ?

(a) It aims at reducing the influence of criminals in politics.

(b) It gives details of existing property and criminal cases pending against a candidate.

(d) The Election Commission checks these details and cancels the nomination papers of suspected criminals or if the information is false.

Ans. (d)

Q.4. Which one of the following is a better way of carrying out political reforms in a democratic country?

(a) The legal changes

(b) The constitutional changes

(d) The legislation for reforms

Ans. (c)

Q.5. Which one of the following is the guiding philosophy of the Bharatiya Janata Party ?

(a) Bahujan Samaj

(b) Revolutionary democracy

(d) Modernity

Ans. (c)

Q.6. The condition for a political party to be recognized as a national party is :

(a) It must secure at least 6 percent of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states.

(b) It must win at least 4 seats in the Lok Sabha

(d) None of these

Ans. (c)

Q.7. An alliance is formed when :

(a) two parties together form the government

(b) the state parties and national parties together form the government

(d) left and right parties join hands to form the government.

Ans. (c)

Q.8. Who is the founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party ?

(a) Kansi Ram (b) Mayawati

Ans. (a)

Q.9. Which one of the following is not a political party ?

(a) BJP (b) INC

Ans. (d)

Q.10. Which of the following countries has a single-party system ?

(a) Pakistan (b) Nepal

Ans. (c)

Q.11. Who among the following gives recognition to political parties in India?

(a) Speaker of Lok Sabha

(b) President of India

(d) Election Commission

Ans. (d)

Q.12. Which one of the following countries has multi-party system?

(a) India (b) China

(d) The United Kingdom

Ans. (a)

Q.13. The USA and UK are examples of :

(a) One-party system

(b) Two-party system

(d) Multi-party system

Ans. (b)

Q.14. Partisan means :

(a) Party which runs the government

(b) Affair of the state or the science of

government

to a party

(d) A group of people who come together

to promote common beliefs

Ans. (c)

Q.15. Which one of the following is not a national political party ?

(a) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

(b) Communist Party of India (CPI).

(d) Samajwadi Party (SP).

Ans. (d)

Q.16. What is the guiding philosophy of the Bharatiya Janata Party ?

(a) Wants to build a strong and modern India

(b) Uniform Civil Code

(d) All the above

Ans. (d)

Q.17. Which one of the following political parties exposed secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities ?

(a) Communist Party of India (Marxist)

(b) Bahujan Samaj Party

(d) Indian National Congress

Ans. (b)

Q.18. The Bahujan Samaj Party stands for the cause of :

(a) securing the interest of the oppressed people.

(b) securing the interest of the elite class.

(d) securing the interest of the educated classes.

Ans. (a)

Q.19. A country which has a democratic form of government since its independence :

(a) Pakistan (b) India

Ans. (b)

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1. What is the role of Opposition?

What is the function of the Opposition party?

Ans. Opposition party is a party which does not win elections in sufficient numbers to form a

government. But it keeps an eye on the working of the ruling party and acts as a check on their

activities. It prevents the ruling party from misusing its powers. It keeps a check on their

expenditures, brings their failure before the public. If also protects the rights and liberties of

the people by not allowing any law to be passed which threatens their fundamental rights.

Q.2. Write short notes on one-party system.

Ans. One-party system is followed in China, North Korea and Cuba. This system was also prevalent

in USSR till its breakup into 15 independent states. They are mostly communist countries.

There is no competition in this system. The lone party nominates candidates and the voters

have to say “yes” or “no” only against the name of the candidates. They have another choice

of not voting at all.

One-party system is popular in communist or authoritarian countries. Supporters of one-party

system claim that this system helps the government in mobilising the talents of all citizens

towards a common goal.

But this system limits the choices and freedom of the citizens, hence it is not a good system

for a democracy. In democracy people must have at least two parties to choose from. The oneparty

system is like a dictatorship, where people have to follow government policies.

Q.3. Are political parties no longer popular? Discuss with examples.

Ans. It is believed that in most of the countries in the world, political parties are no longer popular.

People have lost their trust in them and become indifferent towards them. According to a recent

survey in South Asia, majority says that they do not at all trust the parties. A number of people

belong to the “Not much” category. In India, there is growing indifference towards parties.

They have failed to reduce poverty, prices and this led to indifference and unpopularity. In the

rest of the world, which contains many democracies, political parties are one of the least

trusted institutions. But there is another side of the story. Strangely enough, participation and

membership of the parties has increased in great numbers. In India, it is higher than many

advanced countries like Canada, Japan, Spain and South Korea. Party membership is higher

in South Asia than the rest of the world. Though parties may have become unpopular, but at

least in India, the participation is becoming lighter every year.

Q.4. What is the first thing the Election Commission does after recognising a party? Does it

treat every party as equal?

Ans. It allots a ‘symbol’ to the parties. It has to treat every party as equal, but it offers some special

facilities to large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbol and only the

official candidates of that party can use that symbol. For example, the Hand is the symbol of

only the Congress Party and the Lotus of the BJP. Parties which have these benefits are called

recognised national political parties.

Q.5. What is the criteria laid down by the Election Commission for the proportion of votes

in order to be a recognised party?

What are the criteria laid down by the Election Commission in order to be recognised

as a national party and a state party.

Ans. A party that secures 6% all of the total votes cast in an election to the Legislative Assembly

of a state and wins at least two seats in the state is called a state party.

A party that wins 6% of total votes cast in the elections for Lok Sabha or Assembly Elections

in four states and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is called a national party.

Q.6. Why is there a need to quickly solve the challenges faced by the political parties?

Ans. Political parties cannot remain in power if they lose the trust of the people. They have to face

the criticism levelled at them by the others and try to quickly overcome the challenge. The

voters or the people can lose trust in the party which does not try to meet the challenge and

lose election.

Q.7. Name the four problem areas in the working of political parties. Why is dynastic

succession bad for a democratic country?

Mention any two challenges faced by political parties in India.

Ans. The four challenges are :

(i) Lack of internal democracy within parties (ii) Challenge of dynastic succession

(iii) Money and muscle power (iv) A meaningful choice

Dynastic succession means that the power remains in the hands of a few. They pass on this

power to their family members, who may not have popular support or enough experience in

politics and governance. In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members

of one family and this tendency is present to some extent all over the world even in older

democracies. Examples : USA, India.

Q.8. Explain the terms DEFECTION and AFFIDAVIT.

Ans. (i) When an elected MP or MLA changes his party, it is called Defection.

(ii) An affidavit is a signed document submitted to an officer, where a person makes a sworn

statement regarding her/his personal information. In the case of politics, a candidate has

to file an affidavit giving details of his property and criminal cases pending against him.

Q.9. What role has the Election Commission played in reforming political parties?

Ans. (i) Made it compulsory for parties to hold organisational elections.

(ii) Political parties are to file their income-tax returns.

Q.10. Do you think reforms can be forced on political parties by legal actions?

Ans. No, people would stop participating in the work of political parties if there are too many legal

hassles. Parties will find various illegal ways to break the law. Reforms cannot be imposed

from outside. They have to come from within. Political parties will never allow a law to be

passed which they do not like.

Q.11. ‘No system is ideal for all countries and all situations’. Explain. [HOTS]

Ans. No system is ideal for all countries and in all situations because party system is not something

any country can choose. It evolves over a long time, depending on the nature of society, its

social and regional divisions, its history of politics and its system of elections. Each country

develops a party system that is conditioned by its special circumstances.

Q.12. ‘The rise of regional parties has led to strengthening of federation and democracy in our

country.’ Do you agree with the option? Why/why not? [HOTS]

Ans. Over the last few decades, the number and strength of regional parties has expanded. This

made the Parliament of India politically more and more diverse, since no one national party

is able to secure majority on its own in the Lok Sabha, the national parties are compelled to

form alliances with state parties. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and

democracy in our country.

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Q.1. How has multi-party system strengthened democracy in India? Explain. [2008]

Ans. In India, the multi-party system has allowed various parties to come together in a coalition.

Several parties have joined hands in elections to contest and win power. For example, in India,

there have been three such major alliances in 2004 parliamentary elections – the National

Democratic Alliance, the United Progressive Alliance and the Left Front. These alliances may

appear messy or unstable but they have allowed a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy

political representation.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1. Discuss the merits and demerits of two-party system and multi-party system.

Ans. In some countries, there are only two main parties and power changes hands between them

only. They are the only ones who can win seats in elections. There may be other parties and

they may win a small number of seats, but never enough to form a government. The United

States of America and United Kingdom are examples of two-party system. In a multi-party

system, three or more parties have a chance to win elections and gain control of the

government. In this system, there are more than two distinct, officially recognised groups

called, political parties. In a multi-party system, groups come to power on their own strength

or in alliance with others. In India various parties have come together in a coalition. In India,

there have been three major alliances in the 2004 parliamentary elections as no single party

got an absolute majority. This system is followed in India, France and Denmark. This system

gives a chance to various interests and concerns, to gain representation.

This system can sometimes lead to instability, as many parties cannot pull together.

Q.2. How has increase in the number of state or regional parties strengthened democracy in

India?

Ans. Democracy means more and more representation of people in the running of the government

and opportunity to influence the government. As India is a federal state, more regional parties

mean, more influence of state parties in national politics. The regional parties have a say in

national policies as they win elections in their states. No single national party (from among the

six in India) has been able to form a government on its own strength since 1996. They had to

form alliances with the regional parties to form a coalition government at the Centre. This has

strengthened federalism and democracy in our country.

Q.3. Mention some of the suggestions made to reform political parties.

Ans. 􀁺Laws made to regulate internal politics:

— It should be compulsory to maintain a register of its members.

— hold independent inquiry in case of a party dispute.

— hold open elections to top party posts.

􀁺It should be mandatory to give 1/3 party tickets to women candidates. There should be a

quota for women in decision making bodies.

􀁺The government or the state should help parties during elections by funding them.

— Expenses for petrol, paper, telephone etc. given.

— Cash can be given on the basis of votes secured by the party in the last elections.

Q.4. Which two other ways can help in reforming political parties?

How can an ordinary citizen help in reforming political parties?

Ans. (i) Pressure should be put on the political parties. This can be done through petitions and

agitations. Ordinary citizens, pressure groups and movements can bring about reforms if

they join hands. If political parties feel that they would lose popular support, they will have

to reform.

(ii) Political parties can improve if they allow more and more people to join their organisation.

The quality of democracy improves if there is maximum participation by the public. If the

public only criticises from outside, it has no effect. To improve bad politics, goods politics

has to take charge.

Q.5. Write short notes on :

(i) Ideology of the Indian National Congress (INC)

(ii) States in which Bahujan Samaj Party has its main base.

Ans. (i) The Indian National Congress is one of the oldest political parties in the world, and is

India’s oldest political party. It is a party which is neither leftist nor rightist in its ideology.

Its main aim is secularism, welfare of the weaker sections and minorities. It projects a

vision of a politically united, economically prosperous, socially just and culturally

harmonious India. Its six basic policies are social harmony, employment for the youth,

rural development, economic resurgence, women’s employment, and equal opportunity.

(ii) The Bahujan Samaj Party has its base in the state of Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence

in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab. It has formed

government in Uttar Pradesh several times.

Q.6. In what ways is the Nationalist Congress Party different from the Indian National

Congress?

Ans. The NCP was formed in 1999, when a split took place in the Congress Party. Its aims are

almost the same as those of the parent body. They also support the cause of democracy,

Gandhian secularism, equality, social justice and federalism. But they want that high offices

in government should be held only by natural born citizens of India. Sharad Pawar, P.A.

Sangma and Tariq Anwar, members of the Congress Party, objected to a person of foreign

origin becoming the Prime Minister of India and formed this new party. It has the biggest

support in Maharashtra and important presence in Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam. It is a

coalition partner in Maharashtra, in alliance with the Congress. Since 2004, it remained a

member of the United Progressive Alliance. (UPA).

Q.7. Political parties play a major role in democracy. Give four points to justify this

statement.

Describe any four functions of political parties in India.

What is a political party? Highlight any three functions of parties in a democracy.

“Political parties are necessary in a democracy.” In the light of this statement explain any

four functions of political parties in India.

Ans. (i) Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the

candidates put up by political parties. In some countries, such as the USA, members and

supporters of a party choose its candidates.

(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.

In a democracy, a large number of similar views have to be grouped together to provide

a direction in which policies can be formulated by the governments.

(iii)Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.

(iv) Parties form and run governments. The big policy decisions are taken by political

executive that comes from the political parties. Parties recruit leaders, trains them and then

make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.

Q.8. Describe various challenges faced by political parties.

Ans. (i) There is lack of internal democracy within parties. There is generally concentration of

powers in one or few leaders at the top. Parties do not keep membership registers, do not

keep hold organisational meeting, and do not conduct internal elections regularly.

(ii) Dynastic succession does not allow ordinary workers to rise to the top in the party. Where

top positions are controlled by the members of one family, it is bad for democracy since

people who do not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy positions

of power.

(iii)The growing role of money and muscle power in parties pose another challenge, specially

during the time of elections. Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend

to have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.

(iv) Parties, very often, do not offer a meaningful choice to the voters. In recent years, there

has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties. Those who want really

different policies have no option available to them.

PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS

Q.1. Why is there lack of internal democracy within the political parties in India? Explain with examples.

Ans. There is lack of democracy within the political parties due to the following reasons :

(i) There is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or a few

leaders at the top.

(ii) Parties do not hold organisational meetings and do not conduct internal elections regularly.

(iii) Parties do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions.

(iv) Parties do not keep membership register.

All these features can be found in India’s parties like Indian National Congress, BJP, BSP, SP,

etc.

Q.2. Mention different types of party system. Write one merit of each ? Which party systems

do we have in India.

Ans. There are three types of party system existed all over the world.

(i) One-party system – There is no choice or competition in this system. The party nominate

the candidate and the voters have two choices – Either not to vote or write Yes or No to

the candidate. This kind of system existed in communist countries or in authoritarian

regimes. Example – China, North Korea and Cuba. Supporters of one-party system claim

that this system helps the government in mobilising the talents of all citizens towards a

common goal.

(ii) Two-party system – In this case, two parties are dominated in the system. The winner

required maximum number of vote. The smaller party usually merge with bigger one or

drop out from the competition. Example – Great Britain and Canada. Supporters of this

system believe that this system help the Government to go smooth, it also prevents danger

of fragmentation.

(iii) Multi-party system – In this system, three or more parties are in the competition to gain

control of the government separately or in coalition. When not any single party gain

majority votes then several parties join and form a coalition government. Example-India.

Supporters of this system point out that it allows more points of view to be presented in

the government.

Q.3. State any two advantages of the multi-party system. In what way is an alliance different

from a coalition Government ?

Ans. (i) If several parties complete for power, more them two parties have a reasonable chance of

coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others.

(ii) This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.

In a coalition government, the government is formed by various parties coming together

in a coalition. When several parties in a multi-party system join hands for the purpose of

contesting elections and arising power, it is called an alliance or a front.

Q.4. Explain any two reforms implemented in our country to improve the political parties.

Ans. (i) The constitution was amended (Anti-Defection Act) to prevent elected MLAs and MPs

from changing parties. This was done because many elected representatives were indulging

in defection to become ministers or for cash rewards.

(ii) The supreme court passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminals. Now,

it is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details

of his property.

Political Parties

Class 10th Social Science- Political Parties

Class 10^th Social Science- Political Parties