Development
Class 10th Social Science- Development
DEVELOPMENT
NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
Q.1. Do the following statements mean the same? Justify your answer.
(a) People have different
development goals.
(b) People have conflicting
development goals.
Ans.
Both the statements mean the same thing because people may have different
development goals
which can be conflicting in
nature, depending upon their occupation, location and their
aspirations.
Q.2. Why do different people have different notions of development? Which of the
following
explanation is more important and why?
(a) Because people are
different.
(b) Because life situations of
people are different.
Ans.
The
concept of development essentially depends upon individual perspective.
A person from a rural
background would want the focus on latest technique in farming,
availability of the state of
the art technology, agricultural infrastructure and lesser dependence
on monsoon for irrigating his
farmland.
Q.3. For each of the items given in the following table find out which country
is at the top and
which is at the bottom.
Ans.
(i)
In case of capita income, Sri Lanka is at the top and Myanmar is at the bottom.
(ii) Under the item of life
expectancy at birth, Sri Lanka is at the top and Myanmar is at the
bottom.
(iii) Under the item of gross
enrolment ratio Sri Lanka is at the top and Pakitan is at the
bottom.
(iv) Under the item of
literacy rate, Sri Lanka is at the top and Bangladesh is at the bottom.
(v) Under the item of HDI rank
in the world, Sri Lanka is at the top and Nepal is at the
bottom.
Q.4. Suppose a record shows that the average income in a country has been
increasing over
a period of time. From this can we conclude that all sections of the economy
have become
better? Illustrate your answer with an example.
Ans.
Rising average income in a country over a period of time may not necessarily
mean that all
sections of the economy have
become better because average income fails to explain the
criterion of distribution
among masses.
This can be explained with the
help of an example.
In a birthday party if we
distribute equal pieces of cake to all children, they will all be happy
whereas if we give a large
proportion of cake to only a few children and leave many of the
children with much smaller
sizes or no cake at all, most of the children will be unhappy in such
a party. Therefore equitable
distribution of anything will ensure better satisfaction of all
sections of society.
Questions In The Exercise
Q.1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below :
Development of a country is
generally determined by
(a) per capita income (b)
literacy level (c) health status (d) all the above
Ans.
(d)
Q.2. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries?
What are the limitations of this criterion, if any ?
Ans.
Main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is
average per capita
income. Countries with per
capita income of Rs. 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004 are
called rich countries and
those with per capita income of Rs. 37,000 or less are called low income
countries.
Limitations of this criterion
: This criterion fails to explain if there is equitable distribution of
income. Average income also
does not take into consideration the indicators like health and
education.
Q.3. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring
development different
from the one used by the World Bank ?
Ans.
UNDP uses Human Development Index (HDI) as the main criterion for measuring
development. This criterion
takes into consideration other development indicators like life
expectancy, besides per capita
income, whereas World Bank compares the different countries
only on the basis of the
income criterion.
Q.4. Exaplain some of the ideas of the above section in your own words.
Ans.
Different people have different notions of development because their
requirements are
different, depending upon
their occupation, location and social status in the society.
Hence, the main reason for
different notions of development is that the life situations of people
are different.
Q.5. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income
of these
families is Rs 5000. If the income of these families in Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs
3000
respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
Ans.
Per
capita income can be obtained by dividing total income by its population
Per capita income = Total Income / Population
Given : 5000 = 4000+ 7000+
3000/4
20,000 = 14000 + x
x = 20,000 – 14,000
x = Rs 6000
Ans : Income of the 4th family is Rs 6000/-
Q.6. Kerala with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking
than
Punjab. Hence per capita income in not a useful criterion at all and should not
be used
to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Ans.
Per
capita income is an important criterion of development. Countries with higher
per capita
income are more developed than
others. Higher per capita income means better availability of
goods and services that
everyone requires.
However, per capita income is
not the only criterion for development. Other factors like infant
mortality rate (IMF) and
literacy rate are equally important. Therefore, per capita income
along with other development
indicators as in human development index, listed above, are used
to calculate the overall
development of a particular state.
Q.7. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to
satisfy the
greed of even one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of
the topic?
Discuss.
Ans.
The
concept of sustainability explains the capacity to use the resources judiciously
and
maintain their balance. Thus,
sustainability is a matter of sharing development opportunity and
not the poverty and human deprivation. If the
present is miserable and unacceptable to the
majority of the world’s
people, it must be changed before it is sustained.
Every generation wants to get
the maximum benefits from the available resources but it would
be disastrous because the
available resources will be exhausted at a rapid speed and in such
circumstance the future
generation will be deprived of such resources.
Resources such as mineral
wealth, iron, gold, copper, silver etc. are exhaustible; hence we
should use them judiciously.
Q.8. Find out present sources of energy used by people in India. What could be
possibilities
fifty years from now?
Ans.
Coal, petroleum products, electricity are some of the present sources of energy
used by people
in India.
Petroleum products and coal
are non-renewable sources of energy. These natural resources
would be exhausted after a few
years if they are not used judiciously.
Possibilities for energy
sources after fifty years can be nuclear energy from radio-active
elements, solar energy, wind
energy etc. Wind, sunlight are non-exhaustive resources which
may be utilized without
interruption for years and years.
Q.9. Why is the issue of sustainability important?
Ans.
The
issue of sustainability is important because it is desirable to raise the level
of development
but not at the cost of quality
of life of the future generations.
The concept of sustainability
explains the rationalization of the use of natural resources in such
a manner that what we achieve
today should not be at the cost of what ought to be achieved
tomorrow.
Sustainable development lays
special emphasis on environmental protection.
Sustainable development is
used for both developed and underdeveloped economies.
Q.10. The table on the right shows the proportion of undernourished adults in
India. It is based
on a survey of various states in the country for the year 2001. Look at the
table and
answer the following questions.
States Males %
Females %
Kerala
22
19
Karnataka
36
38
Madhya Pradesh 43
42
All States 37 36
Ans.
(i)
The nutritional level of people of Kerala is quite higher than the people – both
males and
females of Madhya Pradesh.
Their ratio of the under-nourished is less than that of Madhya
Pradesh.
(ii) There is enough food in
the country, even then 40% of the people in the country are
undernourished because of the
following :
(a) A large number of people
are so poor that they cannot afford nutritious food.
(b) There is lack of
educational and health facilities in many parts of the country. So many
people remain backward and poor. As such, they
are unable to get nutritious food.
(c) In most of the states, the
Public Distribution System (PDS) does not function properly
and the poor people cannot get cheap food items.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Q.1. Per capita income is :
(a) income per person (b)
income per family
(c) income per earning person
(d) income per month
Ans.
(a)
Q.2. What the countries with per capita income of Rs 4,53,000 per annum and
above (in 2004)
are called?
(a) Rich countries (b)
Low-income countries
(c) Developing countries (d)
None of the above
Ans.
(a)
Q.3. Which is the most important attribute to compare countries?
(a) Human Development Index
(HDI) (b) Literacy rate
(c) Export earnings (d) Income
Ans.
(a)
Q.4. Which of the following resources is a non-renewable energy resource?
(a) Solar radiations (b) Crude
oil (c) Wind energy (d) All the above
Ans.
(b)
Q.5. Which country among India's neighbours has the highest per capita income?
(a) Bhutan (b) Sri Lanka (c)
Nepal (d) Bangladesh
Ans.
(b)
Q.6. Per capita incomes of countries for international comparison are expressed
in :
(a) Rupees (b) Dollars (c)
Pounds (d) None of the above
Ans.
(b)
Q.7. Proportion of literate population in the 7 years and above age group is
termed as
(a) Education index (b)
Mortality ratio
(c) Literacy rate (d) Gross
enrolment ratio
Ans.
(c)
Q.8. Net Attendence Ratio is the total number of children of age group _____
attending
schools as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group
(a) 0-3 years (b) 8-10 years
(c) 5-7 years (d) 6-10 years
Ans.
(d)
Q.9. The countries with per capita income of 935 US $ (2007) or less are termed
as
(a) Low income countries (b)
Developing countries
(c) Developed countries (d)
Rich countries
Ans.
(a)
Q.10. One common development goal among the people is :
[HOTS]
(a) family (b) freedom (c)
income (d) security
Ans.
(c)
Q.11. Cause of high infant mortality rate is :
(a) inadequate facilities of
health (b) lack of infrastructural facilities
(c) lack of awareness (d) both
(a) and (b)
Ans.
(d)
Q.12. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in
terms of
human development rank than India ?
(a) Bhutan (b) Sri Lanka (c)
Nepal (d) None of the above
Ans.
(b)
Q.13. Development of a country can generally be determined by
(a) its per capita income (b)
its average literacy level
(c) health status of its
people (d) all the above
Ans.
(d)
Q.14. Which of the following had the highest per capita income in 2007?
(a) Sri Lanka (b) India (c)
Pakistan (d) Bangladesh
Ans.
(a)
Q.15. Which of the following is having highest human development rank in 2007?
(a) India (b) Pakistan (c)
Nepal (d) Bangladesh
Ans.
(a)
Q.16. Sex ratio in India in 2001 was :
(a) 913 (b) 923 (c) 933 (d)
943
Ans.
(c)
Q.17. What is necessary for good health?
(a) Balanced diet (b)
Nutritious diet (c) Healthcare facilities (d) All the above
Ans.
(d)
Q.18. Groundwater overuse in India is how much
(a) one-third of country (b)
one-fourth of country
(c) one-fifth of country (d)
two-fifth of country
Ans.
(a)
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
Q.1. We can obtain per capita income of a country by calculating:
(a) the total income of a
person
(b) by dividing the national
income by the total population of a country
(c) the total value of all
goods and services
(d) the total exports of the
country.
Ans.
(b)
Q.2. Kerala has low Infant Mortaliy Rate because:
(a) it has good climatic
condition (b) it has adequate infrastructure
(c) it has adequate provision
of basic health and educational facilities
(d) it has poor net attendence
ratio
Ans.
(c)
Q.3. Human Development Index compares countries based on which of the following
levels of
the people?
(a) Educational level (b)
Health status (c) Per capita Income (d) All the above
Ans.
(d)
Q.4. What does Infant Mortality Rate indicate?
(a) Literate population in the
7 and above age group.
(b) The number of children
that die before the age of one year as a proportion of
1000 live children.
(c) The total number of
children attending the school.
(d) The number of children
born in a year.
Ans.
(b)
Q.5. According to the World Bank, the countries with an income of Rs. 4,53,000
per annum
and above in 2004 were considered as :
(a) Low income countries (b)
Rich countries
(c) Average countries (d)
Underdeveloped countries
Ans.
(b)
Q.6. Which of the following things money cannot buy?
(a) Building (b) Pollution
free environment (c) Flowers (d) Books
Ans.
(b)
OR
What money cannot buy?
(a) Medicines (b) Clothes
(c) Pollution free environment
(d) None of these
Ans.
(c)
Q.7. Which one of the following is not a measure of development in the Human
Development
Report of the UNDP ?
(a) Per capita income in US $.
(b) Educational Levels of the people
(c) Body Mass Index (d) Life
Expectancy at Birth
Ans.
(c)
Q.8. In which state in India is the infant mortality rate lowest?
(a) Kerala (b) Bihar (c) Uttar
Pradesh (d) Punjab
Ans.
(a)
Q.9. BMI (Body Mass Index) is a method of finding out which of the following?
(a) Infant mortality (b)
Health status (c) Longevity (d) Economic status
Ans.
(b)
Q.10. According to the World Development Report a country is considered rich
when the per
capita income is more than which of the following figures?
(a) Rs 24,000 per annum (b) Rs
37,000 per annum
(c) Rs 4,53,000 per annum (d)
Rs 5,43,000 per annum
Ans.
(c)
Q.11. In terms of human development, which of the following countries is ahead
of India?
(a) Bangladesh (b) Sri Lanka
(c) Nepal (d) Bhutan
Ans.
(b)
Q.12. Which of the following is most likely to be a development goal for
landless rural labourers?
(a) Higher support prices for
their crops
(b) They should be able to
settle their children abroad
(c) Raised wages (d) None of
these
Ans.
(c)
Q.13. Which is the most important attribute for comparing the development of
countries ?
(a) Resources (b) Population (c) Average
income (d) None of these
Ans.
(d)
Q.14. Which of the following countries has higher HDI rank than India?
(a) Sri Lanka (b) Nepal (c)
Bangladesh (d) Pakistan
Ans.
(a)
Q.15. Development of the country can generally be determined by
(a) Its per capita income (b)
Its average literacy rate
(c) Health status of its
people (d) None of these
Ans.
(a)
Q.16. If there are five persons in a family and their total income is Rs 20,000/
- what would be
the average income of each person?
(a) Rs. 6000/- (b) Rs. 4000/-
(c) Rs. 5000/- (d) Rs. 10,000/-
Ans.
(b)
Q.17. Which one of the following states has the highest Human Development Index
(HDI)?
(a) Kerala (b) Punjab (c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) West Bengal
Ans.
(a)
Q.18. Underemployment occurs when people:
(a) do not want to work
(b) are working in a lazy
manner
(c) are working less than what
they are capable of doing
(d) are not paid for their
work
Ans.
(c)
Q.19. What was the annual per capita income of India in 2004 ?
(a) Rs. 37,000 (b) Rs.
4,53,000 (c) Rs. 28,000 (d) Rs. 38,000
Ans.
(c)
Q.20. Which one of the following is a developmental goal for industrialists?
(a) To get more days of work
(b) To get better wages
(c) To get more electricity
(d) All the above
Ans.
(c)
Q.21. Which one of the following criteria is the basis to measure the
development of a
country according to UNDP? [2010 (T-1)]
(a) Per capita income (b)
Educational levels of the people
(c) Health status of the
people (d) All the above
Ans.
(d)
Q.22. Which one among the following is a developmental goal for the landless
rural labourers?
(a) To get electricity and water (b) To
educate their children
(c) More days of work and
better wages (d) To shift to the cities
Ans.
(c)
Q.23. Which one of the following is the most important attribute while comparing
the level of
development of various countries? [2010 (T-1)]
(a) Population (b) Social
status of the people
(c) Political status (d) Per
capita income
Ans.
(b)
Q.24. Which of the following is true of the people’s goals in addition to higher
income?
(a) Equal treatment (b) Freedom (c)
Respect and security (d) All the above
Ans.
(d)
Q.25. The developmental goal for a girl from a rich family is :
(a) to get more days of work
(b) to get as much freedom as her brother gets
(c) to get electricity (d) to
get better wages
Ans.
(b)
Q.26. Which one of the following is not a component of Human Development Index?
(a) Per capita income (b) Life expectancy
(c) Literacy rate (d) Poverty rate
Ans.
(d)
Q.27. Which one of the following organizations has prepared Human Development
Report?
(a) World Bank (b) IMF (c) UNDP (d) UNO
Ans.
(c)
Q.28. Which one of the following is not a feature of developing country?
(a) Agriculture as the major
occupation (b) High technological development
(c) Mass poverty (d) Mass illiteracy
Ans.
(b)
Q.29. Which one of the following statements defines ‘Literacy Rate’?
(a) Total literate population
divided by total population
(b) Total literate population
divided by literate population
(c) Proportion of illiterate
population in the 18 and above age group.
(d) It measures the proportion
of literate proportion in the 7 years and above age group.
Ans.
(c)
Q.30. Which area of the world has the largest crude oil reserves?
(a) U.S.A. (b) Russia (c)
China (d) The Middle East
Ans.
(d)
Q.31. Life expectancy at birth means
(a) average expected length of
life of a person at the time of birth
(b) average expected length of
life of a person at the time of death
(c) average expected length of
a child at the time of birth
(d) None of the above
Ans.
(a)
Q.32. Development goals of different sections of our society can be achieved by
(a) Force (b) Democratic
political process
(c) Violent agitation (d)
Terrorism
Ans.
(b)
Q.33. India’s HDI rank in the world is :
(a) 125 (b) 115 (c) 126 (d)
134
Ans.
(c)
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are the various social indicators of development?
Ans.
Although the level of income is important indicator of development, it is an
inadequate
measure of the level of
development. Other social indicators are :
Health and Education :
People become human resource when investments are made in their
health and education.
Sex ratio
is
defined as the number of females per thousand males. An ideal sex ratio should
be more or less equal number
of males and females. Sex ratio in favour of males indicates sex
discrimination which goes
against development.
Q.2. How are economic development and human development related to each other?
Ans.
Human development refers to the process of improvements in human beings. People
become
human resources when
investments in them are made in form of health and education. Life
expectancy at birth, adult
literacy rate, per capita GDP are important indicators of human
development. Economic
development will be sustainable if resources are managed in such
a way that future generations
do not suffer and have at least the same which present
generations have.
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
Q.1. On the basis of the given table answer the following questions:
Comparison of Two Countries
Monthly income of citizens in 2007 (in Rupees)
I
II
III
IV
V
Country A Rs .9500 Rs. 10500 Rs. 9800 Rs. 10000 Rs.
10200
Country B Rs. 500 Rs. 500
Rs. 500
Rs. 500
Rs. 48000
(a) Calculate the average
income of country A and B.
(b) Are both the countries
equally developed?
(c) Which country is better
and why?
Ans.
(a)
Average income of country A is – Rs. 10,000
Average income of country B is
– Rs. 10,000
(b) No – Both the countries
are not equally developed
(c) Country ‘A’ is better
because distribution of income is more or less equal.
Q.2. In what respect is the criterion used by UNDP for measuring development
different from
the one used by the World Bank?
Ans.
The
World Bank uses ‘‘Per capita’’ income as the sole criterion for measuring
development of
countries which is not fully
accurate. For example, in India suppose two people live; one is
Mukesh Ambani and other is a
rickshawpuller. Income of Mukesh Ambani is Rs. 50 crore
annually while that of
rickshawpuller is only Rs. 12000. But when per capita income is
calculated then both will be
showing having 25 crore and 6 thousand each, which is not true.
So UNDP uses a much more
realistic method to measure the development. It includes
educational status, health
status, and per capita income as well. It provides real development
status of the country.
Q.3. Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country?
Explain any four
public facilities.
Ans.
Public facilities are essential for the social and economic development.
Economic development
and social development are
both dependent on public facilities such as education, health etc.
Without these people cannot
achieve their full potential. Some important public facilities are :–
(i) Construction of roads,
railways, generating electricity, developing ports etc. These are
used by people so they have to
be developed.
(ii) Providing essential goods
at cheap rates or below their cost price so that even poor people
can afford them. Such
activities have to be undertaken by the government.
(iii) Providing adequate
health and education facilities to each and every citizen is a primary
duty of any government. Such
services are essential because a healthy and educated citizen
is an asset for the country.
(iv) Providing safe drinking
water, housing and nutritious food to children etc., are other such
public facilities which are essential.
Q.4. What are the two basic criteria used for comparing an underdeveloped
countries with
developed one?
Ans.
The
two criterias are :-
(i) On the basis of per
capita income :- In World Development Report 2006, brought out
by the World Bank, this
criterion is used for classifying countries. Countries with per
capita income of Rs. 4,53,000
per annum and above in 2004, are called rich countries and
those with per capita income
of Rs. 37,000 or less are called low-income countries.
(ii) On the basis of Human
Development Index :- According to this criteria the countries
are ranked on the basis of
life expectancy, literacy rate and health status etc.
Q.5. What do you mean by Human Development Index? What are its three components?
Ans.
Human Development Index means the criteria developed by the UNDP to compare the
country’s development out of
177 countries.
The main components of Human
Development Index are :-
(i) Educational levels of the
people.
(ii) Health status of the
people.
(iii) Per capita income.
Q.6. Why is sustainability important for development? Give two suggestions to
achieve the
sustainability of development.
Ans.
Sustainability is very important for development because if all development
activities are
carried out without paying
attention to environment and other natural factors then development
itself will become a danger
for mankind. For example, if forests are cut relentlessly then global
warming will destroy
everything on the Earth. In that scenario what would be the use of
development.
To achieve sustainability
(a) we must be less dependent
on non-renewable resources.
(b) we must live according to
natural conditions and use natural produce as far as possible.
Q.7. How does World Bank classify different countries? Is it an adequate
indicator?
Ans.
World Bank classifies different countries on the basis of per capita income.
They are —
(a) Rich countries :-
Whose average per capita income is Rs 4,53,000 or more.
(b) Poor Countries :-
Whose average per capita income is less than Rs 37000.
This indicator is inadequate
as it does not provide full picture of development. This gives poor
people a notional amount of
money which actually does not belong to them.
Q.8. What is development? What are the two aspects of development?
Ans.
Development is a positive growth/change in economy, social and political aspects
of the
country.
Two aspects of development are
:-
(a)
Economic development or rise in income of the people.
(b)
Social development which include education, health and public services.
Q.9. Why are countries of the Middle East not called ‘developed’ in spite of
high per capita
income?
Ans.
Although countries of Middle East are very rich countries due to oil reserves
and production,
money alone is not an
indicator of development. Along with money there are other aspects
too like education and other
social aspects like individual freedom, democracy, gender equality
which are not available in
those countries.
Q.10. Explain the concepts of Human Development Index (HDI) and that of the per
capita
income.
Ans.
In
Human Development Index and Per Capita Income, the status of countries’
development is
measured but both are quite
different.
(i) Human Development Index
:- Prepared by the U.N.D.P. It consists of health status,
educational status and per
capita income to determine the development of the country.
(ii) Per Capita :- This
criterion is used by the World Bank to determine development. It
divides countries into rich
and poor countries. The countries whose per capita income is
more than Rs. 453,000 is
called rich and those whose income is below Rs. 37000 are
called poor.
Q.11. Answer the following questions on the basis of the table given below:
State
Infant Mortality Rate (2003)
Literacy Rate (%) (2001)
Punjab
49
70
Kerala
11
91
Bihar
60
47
(a) Which state has the
largest literacy rate?
(b) Which state has the
lowest Infant Mortality Rate?
(c) Identify the state
which has the greatest Human Development Index (HDI) ?
Ans.
(i)
Kerala (ii) Kerala (iii) Kerala
Q.12. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries?
Write the limitations of this criterion.
Ans.
The
main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is
per capita
income.
Per capita income :-
When total income of a country is divided by the total population, then
per capita income is arrived
at. Those countries whose per capita income is more than
Rs. 4,53000 per year are
called rich countries and those whose income is less than Rs. 37000
are called poor countries.
Limitations:-
Although this method is used widely it does not give accurate picture of
development. For example, in
calculating income, everyone is supposed to have that amount
but actually large number of
poor people do not have that amount.
Q.13. Study the table given below and answer the following questions.
Country
Per Capita income In US $ (2004)
HDI Rank in the World
Sri Lanka
4390
93
Inida
3139
126
Pakistan
2225
134
(a) Name anyone country
whose Per Capita Income is more than that of India and by
how much?
(b) What is the HDI Rank of
India in the World?
Ans.
(a)
Srilanka, its per capita income is Rs 1251 more than that of India.
(b) India’s H.D.I. rank is
126th in the world.
Q.14. Study the table given below and answer the following questions.
State
Per capita income for 2002 - 2003 (in Rs)
Punjab
26000
Kerala
22800
Bihar
5700
(a) Which state has the
lowest per capita income and why?
(b) Which state has the
highest per capita income and why?
Ans.
(i)
Bihar has the lowest per capita income as there is no industrialization and less
human
development.
(ii) Punjab has the highest
per capita income because agricultural and industrial development
is the main aspect of Punjab
Economy.
Q.15. Why can more jobs be created in the field of education? Give any three
reasons.
Ans.
More jobs can be created in the field of education :-—
(i) In India only 65% people
are literate. It means to provide every indian good education,
there would be more
requirement of schools.
(ii) More school means more
number of teachers required. This means more jobs.
(iii) More schools will
necessitate thousands of supporting staff (like office staff). This will
lead to more jobs. In that way
more jobs will be created.
Q.16. Mention any three characteristics of development.
Ans.
(i)
Different persons can have different developmental goals.
(ii) What may be development
for one may not be development for the other. It may be even
destructive for the other.
(iii) For development people
look at a mix of goals.
Q.17. ‘For development people look at a mix of goals.’ Support the statement
with suitable
examples.
Ans.
It
is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household
and society
increases. However, it is also
the case that if there is respect for women there would be more
sharing of household work and
a greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and
secure environment may allow
more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
Q.18. Why Kerala has a better human development ranking than Punjab in spite of
lower per
capita income?
Ans.
Kerala has lower per capita income but better human development ranking than
Punjab
because of many factors. Kerala has the highest
literacy rate in the country. The Infant
Mortality Rate of Kerala (11)
is much less than Punjab (49). Net Attendance Ratio of Kerala
(91) is higher than that of
Punjab (81). Kerala has better health and educational infrastructure
than Punjab. Kerala also has
better public facilities.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q.1. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate
with your own
example related to development.
Ans.
We
use averages for comparisons across different classes.
Limitations of Using Averages :
Averages calculate only the mean availability but they hide
the disparities in the
process. This is the main limitation of using averages.
Let us consider two countries A and B, each
having 4 citizens.
Education Level of Citizens
Country
I
II
III
IV
Average
A
Ph.D. Primary
M. Tech
Illiterate
Graduate
Education
B
B.A. B.SC
B.Tech
M.B.B.S.
Graduate
From the above example, we
observe that in country
B,
all citizens have the graduate level of
education. There are fewer
disparities in this country whereas in country A, half the citizens
are illiterate or of primary
education level whereas the other half are doctorates or post
graduates. Therefore, even
though average education level of both A and B is graduate level,
yet there are great
disparities between them.
Q.2. List a few example of environmental degradation that you may have observed
around
you.
Ans.
Due
to advancement in information technology and communication, the whole world has
become one. Further, free
movement of investment over the greater part of the world has made
national economies less and
less national. They have become interlinked, interdependent
national economies.
For example – environmental
degradation due to the overuse or misuse of the resources such
as sweet water will have a
direct impact on the whole world. Evidences suggest that water
hunger would be one of the
worst problems in near future. Similarly, overuse of mineral
wealth, e.g. petrol in one
part of the world, has a deep impact on the other parts of the world
also.
Generation of domestic, urban
and industrial pollution is taking place today beyond the earth’s
capacity to absorb. Hence, we
can say that environmental degradation is not just a national issue.
Q.3. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable energy resources. Find
out present
resources of energy in India.
Ans.
Renewable energy resources are the resources which are replenished by nature.
They could not
exhaust because they would
continue for year after year. Examples are groundwater, solar
energy, wind energy etc.
While non-renewable energy
resources get exhausted after years of use. These resources
cannot be replenished. Crude
oil and coal are examples of non-renewable energy resources.
Present resources of energy in
India : crude oil, coal, thermal power plants are present
resources of energy in India
which would run out of stock in 43 years. We have to find out
alternative energy resources
which do not cause any damage to the environment.
Q.4. What does Human Development Index (HDI) indicate? By whom HDI is prepared?
Ans. Human Development Index (HDI) :
It makes rating of all countries on a scale of 0
to 1. 0
indicates lowest human
development and 1 indicates highest human development. Two
important points abour HDI are
It measures relative and not
absolute level of human development.
The main emphasis of HDI is
on goals, i.e. longevity, knowledge and standard of living
(expressed in real per capita
income).
Who Prepares HDI : United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has since 1990
been preparing HDI.