Very Short Answer Questions (VSA) 1 Mark

Question 1.
What was the title of the picture on the cover page of music book published by E.T. Pauli, a popular music publisher?
Answer:
The title was ‘Dawn of the Century’.

Question 2.
State any one reason why during the phase of proto-industrialisation the merchants could not expand production within towns?
Answer:
In towns urban crafts and trade guilds were very powerful. They trained crafts people, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

Question 3.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth century in the countryside why the peasants readily agreed to work for the merchants? State any one reason.
Answer:
Many peasants had small plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household.

Question 4.
Who was a stapler?
Answer:
A person who ‘staples’ or sorts wool according to its fibre.

Question 5.
Who is a Fuller?
Answer:
A person who ‘fulls’ or gathers cloth by pleating.

Question 6.
What is Carding?
Answer:
The process in which fibres, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning.

Question 7.
What was the first symbol of new era in England?
Answer:
Cotton.

Question 8.
By whom the cotton mill was created?
Answer:
Richard Arkwright.

Question 9.
Why did the technological changes occur slowly in Britain? Give one reason.
Answer:
Technological changes occurred slowly in Britain because it was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it.

Question 10.
Who produced the steam engine? Who improved it?
Answer:
The steam engine was produced by Newcomen. It was improved by James Watt.

Question 11.
Why did some industrialists in nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labour over machines? State any one factor.
Answer:
In industries such as gas works, breweries, where production fluctuated with the season, industrialists usually preferred hand labour over machines.

Question 12.
By whom was Spinning Jenny devised?
Answer:
Spinning Jenny was devised by James Hargreaves in 1764.

Question 13.
What was the advantage of Spinning Jenny?
Answer:
Spinning Jenny speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.

Question 14.
What was the importance of Surat port in the sixteenth century?
Answer:
A vibrant sea trade operated through Surat on the Gujarat coast. It connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports.

Question 15.
How the European powers gradually gained power in the eighteenth century? State any one factor.
Answer:
European powers secured a variety of concessions from local courts and thereafter monopoly rights to trade.

Question 16.
How did the East India Company ensure a regular supply of goods for export? Mention any two steps taken by the company.
Answer:

1.     It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.

2.     Those weavers who had taken advances from the Company could not take cloth to any other trader.

Question 17.
Who was ‘sepoy’?
Answer:
This was how the British pronounced the word Sipahi, meaning an Indian soldier in the service of the British.

Question 18.
Mention any one reason that led to clashes between weavers and gomasthas.
Answer:
The gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply – often beating and flogging them.

Question 19.
What did Henry Patullo, a company official, say about Indian textiles?
Answer:
Henry Patullo, a company official said that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality.

Question 20.
In India by 1850s and in subsequent years as the imports of cotton goods increased, which two problems were faced by th6 weavers in India?
Answer:

1.     Their export market collapsed.

2.     The local market shrank due to import of Manchester goods.

Question 21.
When and where was the first cotton mill established in India?
Answer:
The first cotton mill came up in Bombay in 1854.

Question 22.
Which mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s?
Answer:
Elgin Mill.

Question 23.
Name a few leading early Indian entrepreneurs of India in the 19th century.
Answer:

1.     Dwarkanath Tagore

2.     Dinshaw Petit

3.     Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata

4.     Seth Hukumchand.

Question 24.
Name any two European Managing Agencies which till the First World War controlled a large sector of Indian industries.
Answer:

1.     Bird Heiglers and Co.

2.     Jardine Skinner and Co.

Question 25.
Generally from where did the workers come from to work in factories?
Answer:
In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around e.g., the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile workers from the villages within the district of Kanpur.

Question 26.
Who established six joint-stock companies in India during 1830-40?
Answer:
Dwarkanath Tagore.

Question 27.
What type of restrictions were imposed on the Indian merchants in the 19th century? Mention any two.
Answer:

1.     They were debarred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods.

2.     They were gradually edged out of the shipping business.

Question 28.
What was the main function of a jobber?
Answer:
The main function of the jobber was to get new recruits.

Question 29.
How were the working conditions in the 19th century in India?
Answer:
The working conditions were not good e.g., the shift was 10 hours from 5 pm to 3 am.

Question 30.
In what fields were the European Managing Agencies interested? State any two.
Answer:
The European Managing Agencies which dominated industrial production in India were interested in establishing tea and coffee plantations and invested in mining, indigo and

Question 31.
Describe any one change that affected the pattern of industrialisation in India during the first decade of the 20th century.
Answer:
As the Swadeshi Movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth.

Question 32.
What was the impact of World War I on Indian industries?
Answer:
The Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs : jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots and a host of other items.

Question 33.
What was the main advantage of the Fly Shuttle?
Answer:
The Fly Shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of cloth.

Question 34.
Between 1900 and 1940 which class of weavers were in a better position and why? 1
Answer:
Weavers who produced coarse cloth were in-a better position because the coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently.

Question 35.
How people were attracted towards the new products? State any two ways.
Answer:

1.     Through advertisements.

2.     By putting label mentioning the place of manufacture.

Question 36.
How does advertisement help us to create new consumer?
Answer:
It makes product appear desirable and necessary.

Short Answer Questions (SA) 3 Marks

Question 37.
What does publisher E.T. Pauli want to convey by the picture ‘Dawn of the Century’ on the cover page of his music book?
Answer:
Publisher E.T. Pauli wants to convey the ideas as mentioned below :

1.     Glorification of machines and technology.

2.     At the center of the picture is a goddess-like figure, the angel of progress, bearing the flag of the new century? She is gently perched on a wheel with wings, symbolising time.

3.     Her (Goddess) flight is taking her into the future. Floating about behind her, are the signs of progress – railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory.
This figure thus gives us a triumphant account of the modern world that is associated with rapid technological change and innovations, machines, factories, railways and steam ships and computers.

Question 38.
What was proto-industrialisation ? Explain the importance of proto-industrialisation.
Answer:
(a) Proto-industrialisation – This was the early phase of industrialisation in Europe and England when there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. Many historians refer to this phase of industrialisation as proto¬industrialisation.
(b) The features of proto-industrialisation were as mentioned below:

1.     It was a decentralised system of production. It was part of a network of commercial exchanges.

2.     Control of production was in the hand of merchants.

3.     Goods were produced by a vast number of producers working in their family farms, not in factories.

4.     Whole of the family was involved. It allowed peasants a fuller use of their family labour resources.

5.     At each stage of production – spinning, dying etc., 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant. This meant that each clothier was controlling hundreds of workers.

6.     By working for the merchants, workers could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their income from cultivation.

Question 39.
Why did the merchants from the towns in Europe move to countryside during the 17th and 18th centuries? Why were the merchants not able to expand production within the towns of England?
[CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
See Textbook Question 1(6).

Question 40.
What were guilds? How did they make it difficult for new merchants to set? Business in towns of England. Explain. [CBSE 2016-17]
Answer:
See Textbook Question 1(6).

Question 41.
In the seventeenth century Europe, the peasants and artisans in the country¬side readily agreed to work for merchants. Explain.
Answer:
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market. With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of? Colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. In the countryside poor peasants and artisans readily agreed to work for the merchants due to the reasons as mentioned below:

1.     This was a time when open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed.

2.     Poor peasants and cottagers who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and straw, had to now look for alternative sources of income.

3.     Many had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household.
In view of the above factors when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasants and artisans readily agreed to work for them.

Question 42.
How did the cotton factories become an intimate part of English landscape in the early 19th century?

Or

What were the causes for increase in the import of raw cotton in the late eighteenth century in Britain? What were its results?
Answer:
The causes for increase in the import of raw cotton were as given below :

1.     In the late eighteenth century in England a number of cotton factories had been set up.
It was the first symbol of new era of cotton. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century. In 1760 Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton industry. By 1787 this import soared to 22 million pounds.

2.     There were number of inventions in production process i.e., carding, twisting and spinning. These changes or inventions enabled each worker to produce more. It also made possible to produce stronger threads and yarn.

3.     Creation of cotton mill: Till then the cloth production was being done within households. Later Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. Earlier cloth production was carried in the countryside within village households. But now all the processes i.e., spinning, weaving and dying etc., could be done in a mill under one roof and management.

4.     This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality, and the regulation of labour.
As a result of above, in the early nineteenth century, factories increasingly became an integral part of the English landscape. New mills were visible everywhere. These were result of the new technology. The contemporaries were dazzled. They concentrated their attention on the mills, almost forgetting the by lanes and the workshops where production still continued.

Question 43.
Describe the main features of the pace of industrial change in Britain in the nineteenth century.
Answer:
The main features of the pace of industrial change were as mentioned below :

1.     The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals.

2.     Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s.

3.     After cotton, the iron and steel industry led the way because with the expansion of railways, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873 Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about 77 million double the value of its cotton export.

4.     The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries.
(a) Ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery glass work, tanning, furniture making and production of implements.

5.     Technology changes occurred slowly as these were expensive and their repair was too costly

Question 44.
‘Technological changes occurred slowly in Britain.’ Give three reasons for this.
Answer:
Technological changes occurred slowly in Britain due to the following reasons :

1.     New technology was expensive so the merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it.

2.     The machines often went out of order and repair was costly.

3.     The machines were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed. For example, take the case of the steam engine. James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781. His industrialist friend Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model. But at the beginning of the 19th century, there were no more than 321 steam engines all over England. So even the powerful new technology that enhanced the productivity of labour manifold was slow to be accepted by the industrialists.

Question 45.
Why do historians agree that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional crafts person and labourer ?
Answer:
The historians recognise that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional crafts person and labourer due to the following reasons :

1.     Role of. Traditional industries: Although cotton and metal were the most dynamic industies but the traditional industries could not be displaced because a large portion of work even in the textile industries was being done within domestic units. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced sector.

2.     Changes in the ‘traditional’ industries: The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by steam-powered cotton or metal industries. Only ordinary and small innovations became the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, furniture work and production of implements.
Technological changes occurred slowly: See question 8 above.

Question 46.
Why were the Victorian industrialists not interested to introduce machines in England? Give any four reasons.
                                       Or
Why did industrialists not want to get rid of hand labour once machines were introduced?
                                       Or
Why did some industrialists in the 19th century Europe prefer hand labour to machines? Give four reasons.
Answer:
The Victorian industrialists were not interested to introduce machines in England. They preferred hand labour to machines. The reasons for this were as mentioned below:

1.     Abundance of labour and low wages: There was no shortage of human labour. People had migrated to the cities in large numbers. The wages were also low. On the other hand, machines required huge capital investment.

2.     Seasonal demand for labour : Some industries such as gas works and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. So they needed more workers to meet their peak demand. Book binders and printers, catering to Christmas demand, too, needed extra-workers before December. At the waterfront, winter was the time that ships were repaired and spruced up. In all such industries where production fluctuated with the season, industrialists usually preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season.

3.     Production of goods with different shapes by hand only: Uniform and standard goods could be produced by machines but some goods with intricate and specific shapes could be made by hand only. In mid-nineteenth century, there were 500 varieties of hammers and 45 kinds of axes that were being produced. Such goods required human skill and not mechanical technol¬ogy.
(iv) Preference for handmade goods by the upper classes: In the Victorian age, the upper classes preferred handmade goods to symbolise refinement and class. Handmade goods had good finishing. Machinemade goods were generally exported to the colonies.

4.     In countries with labour shortage, industrialists were interested in using machines to minimise need for human labour. This was the case in nineteenth-century America. However, Britain had no problem of labour.

Question 47.
Explain how the condition of workers steadily declined in the early 20th century Europe.
Answer:
The factors were as follows :

1.     Abundance of labour and wait for jobs : There was abundance of labour in the market. Job-seekers had to wait for weeks. They had to spend nights under bridges or in the night Shelters or in Night Refuges or Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities. One could get a job quickly if he had social connections.

2.     Seasonal work : Work in many industries such as gas works, breweries was seasonal. There were, therefore, long periods without work. As a result of this, some returned to the countryside while other did odd jobs.

3.     Low wages and less period of employment : Wages were increased to some extent in
the early mid-nineteenth century but as the period of employment was less, the average income was low. About 10 per cent of the urban population was very poor. In periods of economic slump, like the 1830s, the proportion of unemployed went up to between 35 and 75 per cent in different regions

4.      Introduction of new technology : The workers were against the introduction of new technology due to fear of unemployment. So, when the Spinping Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry, women workers attacked the new machines.

5.     The condition of workers was, therefore, “hot satisfactory. However after the 1840s employment opportunities increased due to building activities and transport industry.

Question 48.
How did the job-seekers spend their nights in Britain ? 
Answer:
The job-seekers spent their nights as mentioned below :

1.     Many job-seekers had to wait weeks spending nights under bridges or in night shelters.

2.     The shelters were maintained under the supervision of the Poor Law Commissioners for the ‘destitute, wayfarers, wanderers and foundling.’ Staying in these warehouses was a humiliating experience. Everyone was subjected to a medical examination to see whether they were carrying disease, their bodies were cleansed and their clothes purified. They had to also do hard labour.

3.     Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals.

4.     Some went to the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.

Question 49.
Why was getting jobs in the British mills always difficult for the workers in the 19th century ? Give reasons.
Answer:
Getting jobs in the British mills always was difficult for the workers in the 19th century due to the reasons as mentioned below :

1.     There was plenty of labour.

2.     Wages were low.

3.     In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal. For example, gas works and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. So they needed more workers to meet their peak demand.

4.     As there was abundance of labour, the actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations. Many job-seekers had to wait for weeks by spending nights under bridges or in night shelters.

Question 50.
Describe the factors that were responsible for increasing the employment opportunities in Britain after 1840s.
Answer:
The factors responsible for increase in employment opportunities after 1840s were as mentioned below :

1.     Building activity was intensified in the cities opening up greater opportunities of employment.

2.     Roads were widened.

3.     New railway stations were built.

4.      Railway lines were extended.

5.     Tunnels were dug.

6.     Drainage and sewers were laid.

7.     Rivers were embanked.
A large number of workers were employed in above activities. The number of workers employed in the transport industry doubled in the 1840s and doubled again in the subsequent 30 years.

Question 51.
How the foreign trade from India conducted before the age of machine industries ? Explain.
Answer:
Before the age of machine industries the foreign trade was conducted as mentioned below :

1.     Silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles.

2.     Coarser cottons were produced in many countries but Indian cottons were of finer varieties.

3.     Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back via the north-west frontier, through mountain passes and across deserts.

4.     A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports i.e., Surat, Masulipatam and Hoogly.
(v) A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade – financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters. They gave advances to weavers, procured the woven cloth from weaving villages, and carried the supply to the ports. At the port, the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.

Question 52.
Why did the network of export trade in textiles that was controlled by Indian merchants, break down by the 1750s ? What were its effects ?
Answer:
(a) Causes : Following were the causes for breaking down of the network of export trade :

1.     The European companies gained power by securing a variety of concessions from local courts (rulers or officials).

2.     They got the monopoly rights to trade.

3.     European companies started their operations from new ports of Bombay and Calcutta.

4.     Trade through the new ports was controlled by the European companies and was carried in European ships.

(b) Effects :

1.     Old ports of Surat and Hoogly declined.

2.     Exports from these ports fell, the credit that had financed the earlier trade dried up and the local bankers went bankrupt. The gross value of trade at Surat fell from ? 16 million in the last years of the seventeenth century to ? 3 million in 1740s.

3.     Export from Bombay and Calcutta grew with the growth of colonial power. Trade was now controlled by European companies and was carried out in European ships.

4.     It also led to collapse of old trading houses.

Question 53.
How did East India Company ensure regular supply of cotton and silk goods from Indian weavers ? Explain.
                    Or
How did East India Company develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods ? What were its results ?
Answer:
(a) Before establishing political power, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure regular supply of goods for exports due to tough competition with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and local traders. The weaver and the supply merchants used to sell the produce to the best buyer. But once the company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. Therefore, the East India Company took the following steps :

1.     It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.

2.     It prevented Company weaver from dealing with other buyers by system of advances because the weavers who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha.

(b) Results : The condition of weavers became bad. They took advances to earn more. In the process they had to devote all their time to weaving and had to lease out their small plots of land. The weavers had to sell their cloth only to the Company. They could not bargain. The prices they got were low and the advances tied there to the Company. At many places weavers deserted villages and migrated to other villages. Some took to agricultural labour.

Question 54.
Explain any three reasons for the clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas.
                              Or
Who were gomasthas ? How did they become good partners of the British management system.
Answer:
(a) Gomastha was a paid servant of the East India Company. After establishing their political power, the company could assert a monopoly right to trade. So it proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods.
Various steps were taken by the Company to achieve its objects. These steps were as mentioned below :

1.     In order to eliminate the existing traders and brokers in the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver, Gomastha was appointed to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.

2.     It prevented company weavers from dealing with other buyers.

3.     Gomasthas became good partners of the British management system because the weavers who took loans from the Company had to handover the cloth they produced to gomasthas. They could not sell it to any other trader.

(b) Soon, however, in many weaving villages there were clashes between weavers and gomasthas due to the reasons as mentioned below :

1.     Earlier supply merchants very often lived within the weaving villages. They used to help the weavers in times of crisis. Therefore there were good relations between them.

2.     The new gomasthas were outsiders. They had no social link with the village.

3.     Gomasthas acted arrogantly. They punished weavers for delay in supply. They often beat and flogged them.

4.     The weavers could not bargain for prices or sell to different buyers and the price paid by the Company was low.

Question 55.
Describe the results of clashes between the gomasthas and the weavers.
Answer:
The results/effects of clashes between the gomasthas and the weavers were as mentioned below :

1.     In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated, setting up looms in other villages where they had some family relation.

2.     At some places, weavers along with the village traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials.

3.     Over time many weavers began refusing loans.

4.      At some places weavers closed down their workshops and took to agriculture labour.

Question 56.
By the beginning of the nineteenth century why was there a long decline of textile exports from India ? Explain.
Answer:
In 1772, Henary Patullo, a company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian textiles could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality. Yet by the beginning of the 19th century there was a long decline of textile exports from India from 33% in 1811-12 to no more than 3 per cent by 1850-51. The reasons for this were as mentioned below :

1.     With the development of cotton industries in England the government imposed import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside.

2.     At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well.

3.     Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century.
At the end of the eighteenth century there had been virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India. But by 1850 cotton piece-goods constituted over 31 per cent of the value of Indian imports and by the 1870s it increased to over 50 percent.

Question 57.
Why did Indian businessmen/manufacturers avoid competing with Manchester goods in the Indian markets. Explain the reasons.
Answer:
At end of the eighteenth century, there was virtually no import of cotton piece-goods into India but by 1870 it was over 50 per cent. The Indian businessmen/manufacturers avoided competing with Manchester goods due to the reasons as mentioned below :

1.     The market was glutted with Manchester imports.

2.     Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were very cheap that the weavers could not easily compete with them.

3.     Insufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality : During the American Civil War,
Britain could not get cotton supplies from the US. Thus, raw cotton was exported from India to | Britain. As a result of this, the Indian weavers could not get supplies and sometimes, they were forced to buy at high prices.

Question 58.
Describe the contribution of Dwarkanath Tagore as an entrepreneur of Bengal. 
                                               Or
Analyse the contribution of Dwarkanath Tagore in the field of industrial development.
Answer:
The contribution of Dwarkanath Tagore was as mentioned below :

1.     He made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment.

2.     He set up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.

3.     Tagore’s enterprises sank along with those of others in the wider business crises of the 1840s.

Question 59.
Which restrictions were imposed by the British government upon the Indian merchants in the 19th century? State any three.
Answer:
The following restrictions were imposed upon the Indian merchants in the 19th century :

1.     The functioning of the Indian merchants was limited. For example, they were debarred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods.

2.     The Indian merchants could export mostly raw materials and food grains which were needed by the British.

3.     Gradually, shipping business was controlled by the European companies and Indian merchants were edged out of this business.

Question 60.
What was the condition of Indian industries at the time of the First World War?
Answer:
Till the First World War, the condition of Indian industries had become as mentioned below : 

1.     A large sector of Indian industries was controlled by European Managing Agencies.

2.     These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them.

3.      In most instances, Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies
made all investment and business decisions.

4.     The European merchant-industrialists had their own chambers of commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.

Question 61.
Where did the workers come from to work in factories in India?
Answer:
With the expansion of factories, the demand for workers increased. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in Indian factories. By 1946, the number increased to 2,436,000. This large number of workers came from the places as mentioned below:

1.     In most industrial regions the workers came from the districts around because peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centers in search of work. For example in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911, over 50 per cent workers came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri.

2.     Sometimes, workers came from distant places in search of work in the mills. For example, many workers from the United Provinces went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.

Question 62.
Who was a jobber? Describe his functions and position. 
Answer:
He was a person who was employed by the industrialists to get new recruits. He was generally an old and trusted worker.
Functions and position of a jobber:

1.     His main function was to get new recruits.

2.     He generally got people from his village and ensured them jobs.

3.     He helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis.

4.     He was a person with some authority and power.

5.      He often began demanding money and gifts for his favour and controlling the lives of workers. For example, Vasant Parkar, a millworker said, “The workers would pay the jobbers money to get their sons work in the mill.”

Question 63.
Describe major peculiarities of industrial growth in India in the 19th century.
Answer:
Major peculiarities of industrial growth in India were as given below :

1.     European Managing Agencies dominated the industrial production in India.

2.     The agencies were interested in certain kind of products only.

3.     They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government.

4.     They invested in mining, indigo and jute.

5.     These products were required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India.

6.     When Indians set up industries they avoided competition with Manchester goods in the Ihdian market. So, the early cotton mills in India produced coarse cotton yarn rather than fabric. This yarn was used by handloom weavers in India or exported to China.

Question 64.
How a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation by the first decade of the 20th century?
Answer:
(a) The various changes that affected the pattern of industrialisation in India were
as given below :

1.     During Swadeshi Movement, people boycotted foreign cloth.

2.     Industrial groups put pressure on the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.

3.     From 1906, Chinese market was flooded with Chinese and Japanese mills’ products. This resulted in decline of export of Indian yarn to China.

(b) Results: Indian industrialists shifted from yam to cloth production. Thus, cotton piece-goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.

Question 65.
Explain the impact of First World War on Indian industries.
Why did the Indian industrial growth suddenly shot up in the years after the First World War? Describe three reasons of its effects on Britain.
Answer:
(a) The industrial production in India increased during the First World War due to the following factors :

1.     As the British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester (British goods) imports into India declined.

2.     Indian mills got a vast home market to supply.

3.     As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs i.e., jute bags, tents, leather goods etc.

4.     New factories were set up to meet above needs.

5.      Multiple shifts were run in the factories.

6.     New workers were employed and they were asked to work for extra-hours.
The above factors led to increase in industrial production during the First World War.

(b) Effects:

1.     In Britain cotton production collapsed and export of cotton cloth fell dramatically.

2.      As Britain was unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, British economy crumbled.

3.     Within the colonies, local industrialists had gradually consolidated their position substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home markets.

Question 66.
Give reasons why the handloom weavers in India survived the onslaught of the machine made textiles of Manchester.
                             Or
‘In the twentieth century, handloom cloth production in India expanded steadily: almost trebling between 1900 and 1940.’ How did this happen?
Answer:
The handloom weavers in India survived the onslaught of the machine made textiles of Manchester and at the same time were able to expand the production due to the following factors :

1.     Technological changes: Handicrafts people adopted new technology without excessively pushing up costs. For example, they used fly shuttle. By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles. In regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin, Bengal the proportion was 70 to 80 per cent. Some other small innovations helped weavers improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector.

2.     Demand for finer varieties: These were bought by rich and their demand was stable than the coarse qualities because the rich could buy these even when the poor starved. Famines did not affect the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris.
(iii) In addition to this, the mills could not imitate specialised weaves. For example, Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.
However the weavers and other craftspeople who continued to expand production through the twentieth century, did not necessarily prosper. They lived hard lives and worked long hours. But they were not simply remnants of past times in the age of factories. Their life and labour was integral to the process of industrialisation.

Question 67.
‘Industrialisation in India was a mixed blessing.’ Justify the statement.
Answer:
It is true to say that industrialisation in India was a mixed blessing because it had both positive and negative aspects as mentioned below :
(a) Positive aspects of industrialisation :

1.     A large number of people got employment in factories. For example, people from the United Provinces went to work in the textile mills of Bombay and in the jute mills of Calcutta.

2.     During the First World War new factories were set up and old one ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours.

3.     People started working in factories. There was migration of people from rural to urban areas. There was now less pressure on agriculture.

(b) Negative aspects of industrialisation :

1.     The condition of weavers was affected badly. With the arrival of Manchester goods, the local market shrank.

2.     There was decline in most of weaving region in India.

3.     The weavers could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.

Question 68.
What steps were adopted by the producers in India to expand the market for their goods in the 19th century?
                          Or
How did the British manufacturers attempt to take over the Indian market with the help of
advertisement?
                         Or
How were people persuaded to use the new products?
                          Or
Explain the ways which were adopted to persuade the people to use the new products.
Answer:
People were persuaded by the following ways to use the new products :

1.     Advertisements: Advertisements played an important part in expanding markets for products and in shaping a new consumer culture. Now-a-days the advertisement appear in newspapers, magazines, television screen etc.

2.     Labels : Labels are needed to tell the consumer, the place of manufacture and the name of the company and about the quality of the product. If a buyer is familiar to the company and is confident about it, he will buy that product. Generally, a person buys a branded shirt or any other product because he knows that a particular company is a company of repute. So, label do help in attracting consumers to buy a product.

3.     Printing of calendars: Calendars are also printed to popularise the products. They are hung in tea shops, homes and other places. People see the calendars daily and slowly they are attracted towards that product.

4.     Figures of important persons, emperors etc. : These figures are used to convey the message that if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product too. If the royal person is using a product, its quality cannot be questioned. So, use of a royal figure popularise that product.

5.     Advertisement of nationalist message: In such advertisement, people are told that if
you love your country then use that product. Such advertisements were used by Indian manufacturers. ‘
Thus, various ways were adopted to persuade people to buy new products.

 

Question 69.
Why did the industrial production increase in India during the First World War?
Answer:
The War had created a new opportunity for the industrial production in India:

1.    The War situation had forced the British mills to produce things that were needed for the army. This had led to the decline of Manchester imports into India. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply to:

2.    As the War prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items.

3.    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours.
Over the war years, industrial production boomed, local industries consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing home markets.

Question 70.
How a series of inventions in the eighteenth century did increased the efficiency of each step of the production process in cotton textile industry? Explain.
Answer:
A series of inventions in the 18th century increased the efficiency in every step of the production process, especially of cotton. The process of producing cotton involved carding, twisting, spinning and milling.

·         The inventions enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yam.

·         Richard Arkwright then created the cotton mill. Cloth production was spread all over the countryside and was carried out in village households.

·         Also now the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over the quality and the regulation of labour, all of which was difficult to do when production was in the countryside.

Question 71.
What problems were faced by the Indian cotton weavers in the 19th century? Describe.
Answer:
The Indian cotton weavers faced many problems in the 19th century:

1.    Their export collapsed.

2.    The local market shrank being flooded by the Manchester imports. Produced by machines at lower costs, the Manchester cotton goods were so cheap that they attracted the buyers and the Indian textiles could not compete with them.

3.    By 1860, Indian weavers faced a new problem. They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality. This happened because a Civil War had broken out in America and the cotton supplies from the US to Britain were cut off and Britain turned to India. As raw cotton export from India
increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. Indian weavers were forced to buy raw cotton at a very high price, so weaving did not remain profitable.

4.    Factories in India also produced goods at a mass scale which flooded the Indian markets. Thus the Indian weavers faced a tough time and it became difficult to survive.

Question 72.
Why did technological changes occur slowly in Britain in early 19th century? Explain any three reasons.
Answer:
Technological changes occurred slowly in Britain due to the following reasons:

1.    New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. For example, at the beginning of the 19th century, there were only 321 steam engines. There were no buyers of steam engines for years.

2.    The machines often broke down and repair was costly.

3.    The machines were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.

4.    Machines were oriented to produce uniform, standardised goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes which required human skill, not mechanical technology. At that time the upper classes preferred things produced by hand.

Question 73.
Who were gomasthas? Why were they appointed? How did they treat the weavers?
Answer:
The paid servants appointed by the East India Company to supervise weavers are called gomasthas.

The East India Company appointed them to establish a more direct control over the weavers and to eliminate traders and brokers connected with cloth trade.

The gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply, often beating them. In many weaving villages there were reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas as they often marched into villages with sepoys and peons.

Question 74.
Who were ‘gomasthas?’ How did they become good partners of the British management system?
Answer:
The Gomasthas were paid servants whose job was to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. The aim of the East India Company behind appointing gomasthas was to work out a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk.
Soon there were clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas who began ill-treating the weavers.

·         It developed a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk from India. For this reason, gomasthas were appointed to supervise, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.

·         They did not allow the company weavers to sell their produce to other buyers. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material. Weavers who had accepted loans from the company had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomasthas only.

Question 75.
Describe the achievements of any three early industrialists in British India.
Answer:
Having earned enough from trade, some businessmen had visions of developing industrial enterprises in India.
In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade. He turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint stock companies in 1830s and 1840s.

In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India accumulated their initial wealth from exports to China and raw cotton shipments to England. Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman, who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1971, also traded with China.

Question 76.
How did many Indian Entrepreneurs survive despite of tight economic controls imposed by the British Government?
Answer:

·         Many Indians became junior players in the trade with China by providing finance, procuring supplies and shipping consignments.

·         Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma, Middle East and East Africa and accumulated capital.

·         Certain other commercial groups operated within India by carrying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities and financing traders.

Question 77.
Explain any three factors responsible for the decline of the cotton textile industry in India in the mid-nineteenth century.
Or
Describe any three main reasons for the decline of textile exports from India in the 19th century.
Answer:

1.    As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began to pressurize the Government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside.

2.    At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian market as well. Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early 19th century.

3.    The export market for the Indian cotton weavers collapsed and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports.

4.    The imported cotton goods were cheap and our weavers could not compete with them.

5.    When the American Civil War broke out the cotton supplies to Britain from the US were cut off. As raw cotton export from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices.

Question 78.
Advertisements played a part in expanding the markets for products and in shaping a new consumer culture. Explain.
Or, Explain the role played by advertisements in creating new consumers for the British products.
Or
In which ways did the British and the Indian manufacturers and traders advertise their products? (2013)
Answer:

1.    When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles, to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer.

2.    When buyers saw ‘Made in Manchester’, written in bold on the label, they felt confident to buy the cloth.

3.    But labels did not carry words and texts. They carried images and were beautifully illustrated with images of Indian gods and goddesses. The printed image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land, appear familiar to Indians.

4.    Manufacturers also printed calendars to popularise their products. These calendars were used even by the illiterate. They were hung in tea shops and in the homes of the poor and even in offices and middle class apartments.

5.    When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation, then buy only ‘Indian’ products. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi.

Question 79.
Why was it difficult to get jobs in Indian factories and mills even when so many of them had come up in the 19th century?
Answer:
Even when the mills multiplied and demand for workers increased, it was difficult to get jobs. The reason was that

1.    The number seeking jobs always remained more than the jobs available.

2.    During the same time agriculture was also not prosperous. Therefore, there was always a large influx of unemployed youths from villages who came to cities and towns looking for jobs in the newly set up mills and factories.

3.    Entry into the mills was also restricted. Industrialists usually employed jobbers to get new recruits. Very often, the jobber was an old and trusted worker. He got people from his own village, ensured them jobs and helped them settle in the city. Gradually, they began to demand money and gifts for this favour and began controlling the lives of workers.

Question 80.
How was foreign trade from India conducted before the age of machine industries? Explain.
Answer:

1.    Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international markets in textile. Coarse cottons were produced in many countries, but finer varieties came from India. Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, Eastern Persia and Central Asia.

2.    Bales of fine textiles were carried on camel back through the mountain passes of North-West Frontier.

3.    A vibrant sea trade operated through pre-colonial ports—Surat connected India to the Gulf, Masulipatnam on the Coromandel coast and Hooghly in Bengal had trade links with South East Asian ports.

Question 81.
Analyse the contribution of Dwarkanath Tagore in the field of industrial development.
Answer:

1.    In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment. He set up six joint-stock companies in 1830s and 1840s.

2.    Tagore’s enterprises sank along with those of others in the wider business crises of the 1840s, but later in the 19^th century many of the China traders became successful industrialists.

3.    Dwarkanath Tagore believed that India would develop through westernization and industrialisation. He invested in shipping, mining, banking, plantation and insurance. He had visions of developing industrial enterprises in India.

Question 82.
How did many Indian Entrepreneurs survive despite of tight economic controls imposed by the British Government?
Answer:

1.    Many Indians became junior players in the trade with China by providing finance, procuring supplies and shipping consignments.

2.    Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma, Middle East and East Africa and accumulated capital.

3.    Certain other commercial groups operated within India by carrying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities and financing traders.

Question 83.
Describe the achievements of any three early industrialists in British India.
Answer:
Having earned enough from trade, some businessmen had visions of developing industrial enterprises in India.
In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade. He turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint stock companies in 1830s and 1840s.

In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India accumulated their initial wealth from exports to China and raw cotton shipments to England. Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman, who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1971, also traded with China.

Long Answer Questions (LA) 5 Marks

Question 84.
Why were there frequent clashes between gomasthas and weavers in the villages?
Answer:
The ‘gomasthas’ were paid servants whose job was to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the cloth. In many weaving villages there were clashes between the gomasthas and the weavers who began ill-treating the villagers.

1.    The earlier supply merchants had lived within the villages and had a close relationship with the weavers, looking after their needs and helping them in times of crisis.

2.    The new gomasthas were outsiders with no long-term social link with the village.

3.    They acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supplies, beating and flogging them with the help of sepoys and peons.

4.    The weavers lost their freedom to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers and received miserably low prices from the company.

5.    The loans they had accepted had tied them to the British Company.

Question 85.
Describe the process of gradual growth of factories in England in the light of problems it faced.
Answer:
The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s. Their number multiplied in the late 18^th century. A series of inventions in the 18th century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process. They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more. With the creation of cotton mill by Richard Arkwright, all the processes of cloth production were brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful supervision of the production process, a watch over quality, and the regulation of labour, all of which had been difficult to do when production was in the countryside.

Question 86.
Highlight Any five points which enabled the handloom sector score over machine made goods and face the competition.
Answer:
The handloom sector scored over the machine made goods and was able to face competition because:

1.    This happened partly because of technological advancements. By the second decade of the 20^th century, weavers started using fly shuttle. This increased productivity of every worker, sped up production and reduced labour demand. By 1941, over 35 per cent of handlooms in India were fitted with fly shuttles. In regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore, Cochin and Bengal, 70 to 80 per cent of handlooms had fly shuttles.

2.    There were many other small inventions that helped weavers improve productivity and compete with mills.

3.    Also, the demand for finer varieties of cloth bought by the rich, was very stable. Even famines did not affect the sale of Banarsi or Baluchari sarees.

4.    Mill production could not imitate and compete with specialized weaves such as the famous sarees with woven borders and the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras.

Question 87.
How did the First World War prove to be a boon to the Indian Industries? Explain.
Answer:
The First World War proved to be a boon to Indian Industries:

1.    The war created a dramatically new situation with British Mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined.

2.    Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply to.

3.    As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs, jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mile saddles and a host of other items.

4.    New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts.

5.    Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. Over the war years industrial production boomed, local industrialists consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and capturing home markets.

Question 88.
Explain the process of industrialization in Britain during the 19th century.
Answer:
The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialization up to the 1840s.

Later iron and steel industry led the way. With the expansion of railways in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from 1860s, the demand for iron and steel increased.

The new industries could not displace traditional industries. At the end of the 19th century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. The pace of change in the ‘traditional’ industries was not set by steam-powered cotton or metal industries. Ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanized sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making and production of implements.

The technological changes occurred slowly. New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. The machine often broke down and repair was costly.

Question 89.
Explain any five ways by which new markets and consumers were created in India by British manufacturers.
Or
Describe the techniques which were adopted by the Manchester industrialists to sell their goods in India.
Answer:

1.    When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles, to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer.

2.    When buyers saw ‘Made in Manchester’, written in bold on the label, they felt confident to buy the cloth.

3.    But labels did not carry words and texts. They carried images and were beautifully illustrated with images of Indian gods and goddesses. The printed image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land, appear familiar to IndiAnswer:

4.    Manufacturers also printed calendars to popularise their products. These calendars were used even by the illiterate. They were hung in tea shops and in the homes of the poor and even in offices and middle class apartments.

5.    Figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs adorned the advertisements and calenders. The message often seemed to say that if you respect a royal figure, then respect this product as it was being used by kings.

6.    When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation, then buy only ‘Indian’ products. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi.

Question 90.
How did cotton factories become an intimate part of the English landscape in the early nineteenth century? Explain.
Answer:
A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficiency in every step of the production process, especially of cotton. The process of producing cotton involved carding, twisting, spinning and milling.

1.    The inventions enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yam.

2.    Richard Arkwright then created the cotton mill. Cloth production was spread all over the countryside and was carried out in village households.

3.    Also, now the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill under one roof and management. This made the process more centralised and integrated.

4.    This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over the quality and the regulation of labour, all of which was difficult to do when production was in the countryside.

5.    In the early nineteenth century new mills and factories with new technologies became extremely visible.