Class 10th Social Science-Geography Points to Remember Chapter 6-Manufacturing Industries
Manufacturing Industries
Introduction
Definition: Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products.
Classification: Based on role, capital investment, ownership, source of raw materials, and the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods.
Large Scale Industries: Employ a large number of laborers.
Small Scale Industries: Employ a small number of laborers.
Heavy Industries: Use heavy and bulky raw materials.
Light Industries: Use light raw materials.
Importance: Manufacturing is considered the backbone of development and economic progress.
NMCC: The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council was established to enhance productivity in manufacturing through policy interventions and industry efforts.
Industrial Locations: Influenced by raw materials, labor, capital, power, and market. It is rare to find all these factors in one place.
Agro-Based Industries
Definition: Industries based on agricultural raw materials.
Contributes 14% of industrial production and provides employment to 35 million people.
Previously concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat, now spread across 80 towns and cities in India.
Challenges include scarcity of quality cotton, obsolete machinery, erratic power supply, low labor productivity, and stiff competition.
Jute Textiles
Approximately 70 jute mills in India.
Main production in West Bengal, with significant output in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Assam, and Tripura.
Sugar Industry
460 sugar mills across India, with 50% located in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra.
Other important producers include Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat.
Mineral-Based Industries
Definition: Industries using minerals as raw materials.
Examples: Iron and steel, cement, chemical industries, aluminium smelting, copper smelting, fertilizer industry.
Iron and Steel Industry
Local production started in Kulti, Burnpur in 1870, with the first modern steel plant in Jamshedpur in 1907.
Currently, 10 primary integrated plants and around 200 mini steel plants exist in India.
Raw materials include iron ore, coal, limestone, and manganese ore.
Located primarily in the north-eastern and southern parts of India, with Visakhapatnam being the only coastal location.
Managed by Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL).
India produces about 32.8 million tonnes of steel, ranking ninth globally.
Aluminium Smelting
Aluminium is used as a substitute for steel, copper, zinc, and lead.
Production requires 6 tonnes of bauxite and 18,600 kWh of electricity per tonne of aluminium.
Plants are located in Orissa, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
India produces over 600 million tonnes of aluminium annually.
Chemical Industry
Heavy Inorganic Chemicals: Includes sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalis, caustic soda, and soda ash. Used in manufacturing fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, paints, and dyes.
Heavy Organic Chemicals: Includes petrochemicals used in synthetic fibres, rubber, plastics, dyestuffs, drugs, and pharmaceuticals. Plants are located near oil refineries and petrochemical plants.
Contributes 14% to the manufacturing sector.
Fertilizer Industry
First plant established at Ranipet, Tamil Nadu. Significant expansion with the Sindri plant by Fertiliser Corporation of India (FCI) in 1951.
Green Revolution spurred the establishment of plants in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Kerala, and other regions.
57 units produce nitrogenous fertilizers, 29 for urea, 9 for ammonium sulphate, and 68 small units for single super phosphate.
Cement Industry
Cement is used in construction, including buildings, houses, roads, and dams.
Raw materials include limestone, silica, alumina, gypsum, coal, and electric power.
First plant established in Chennai in 1904. Currently, 119 large and over 300 mini cement plants exist.
Indian cement is in high demand across South and East Asia, the Middle East, and Africa due to its superior quality.
Automobiles
India is the second largest producer of three-wheelers. Industries also produce bicycles, scooters, and cars.
Major production centers include Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, and Bengaluru.
Electronic Industry
Bengaluru is the electronic capital of India. Major centers include Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Kanpur, Pune, Lucknow, and Coimbatore.
Many Software Technology Parks have developed in these regions.
Pollution from Industries
Types: Air, water, land, and noise pollution.
Air Pollution: Caused by carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, dust, fumes, mist spray, and smoke.
Water Pollution: Caused by coal, dyes, soaps, pesticides, fertilizers, plastics, and rubber. Significant contributors include paper pulp, textiles, chemical, petroleum, refinery, tannery, and electroplating industries.
Thermal Pollution: Occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
Noise Pollution: Caused by industrial machinery and other sources.
Measures to Control Environmental Degradation
Proper fuel selection and utilization.
Use of oil instead of coal in industries.
Treatment of liquids in three phases:
Primary treatment: Mechanical process.
Secondary treatment: Biological process.
Tertiary treatment: Biological, chemical, and physical processes.