Which government is responsible for the entire country?
There are two governments, a state government that frame rules and regulations pertaining to the state list for that specific territory, while central government frame rules and policies pertaining to union list, concurrent list and even to state list under a specific condition.
Hence its the central government that is responsible for the entire country.
Name the lowest level of government in the rural area.
Decentralisation was done in 1992 that created the third tier of democracy to make it more powerful. Local government is set from among the members of the locality. Rural local government is also known as Panchayati Raj institution. Gram Panchayats, when grouped together, are called panchayat Samiti , all the samitis forms Zilla Parishad.
Hence Gram Panchayats are the smallest government in rural areas.
Why did some leaders when the demand for formation of state on language was raised?
After the partition on the basis of religion the then PM Nehru was apprehensive of dividing country further on the basis of language, but there was a high demand for it especially from regional congress communities.
Dhar commission was set up to consider the situation, he advised that dividing states on linguistic basis would threaten the unity of the nation.
After Independence, speakers of Telugu asked the Congress to implement its old resolution in favor of linguistic states.in 1952 first state, Andhra Pradesh was formed on linguistic basis.
Describe the functions of a Village Panchayat.
The Panchayati Raj system is a three-tier system with elected bodies at the village, taluk and district levels.
The civic functions relating to sanitation, cleaning of public roads, minor irrigation, public toilets and lavatories, primary health care, vaccination, the supply of drinking water, constructing public wells, rural electrification, social health, and primary and adult education, etc. are obligatory functions of village panchayats.
Argue in favor and against the local self-government in India.
The local or grass-roots level of a democratic set-up is called the local self-government.
Advantages of local self-government:
1. participation of the people in the management of their own affairs is more direct, clear and significant.
2. supervision of people of the representative is direct and constant.
3. The local self-government solves the problems of rural people at the grass-root level. This strengthens democracy.
The disadvantage of local self-government:
1. Sometimes local self-government is criticized on the ground that it incites regionalism. The local leaders get so much entangled in the solution of their own problem that hardly they are able to see things beyond their nose and join the national mainstream.
2. leaders at the local level fail to appreciate the state or national problems.
Discuss the structure and composition of rural local self-government.
The Panchayati Raj system, as established in accordance with the 73rd Amendment, is a three-tier structure based on direct elections at all the three tiers: village, intermediate and district.
Composition:
1. All members in a panchayat are directly elected.
2. The second or middle tier of the Panchayati Raj is Panchayat Samiti, which provides a link between Gram Panchayat and a Zila Parishad.
3. Zila Parishad or district Panchayat is the uppermost tier of the Panchayati Raj system.
Function:
1. The civic functions relating to sanitation, cleaning of public roads, minor irrigation, public toilets and lavatories, primary health care, vaccination, the supply of drinking water, constructing public wells, rural electrification, social health, and primary and adult education, etc. are obligatory functions of village panchayats.
2. Panchayat Samitis are at the hub of developmental activities. Some functions are entrusted to them like agriculture, land improvement, watershed development, social and farm forestry, technical and vocational education, etc.
3. Zila Parishad links Panchayat Samitis within the district. It coordinates its activities and supervises their functioning. It prepares district plans and integrates Samiti plans into district plans for submission to the State Government. Zila Parishad looks after development works in the entire district.
Examine the composition and structure of urban local self-government.
Urban Local government implies the governance of an urban area by the people through their elected representatives. 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 provided constitutional status to local urban bodies.
Thus, the 73rd and 74th amendments provide a framework for the States in respect of local government. Thus, each State has its own Election Commission which conducts elections to all local bodies after regular intervals of five years.
Composition:
1. The Municipal bodies are constituted of persons chosen by direct election from the territorial constituencies (known as wards) in the municipal area.
2. The offices of chairperson are reserved for SC/ST and women.
Function:
1. The corporation, council or municipal board or council consisting of the elected representatives of the people, act like a legislature.
2. the urban local body frames broad policies relating to taxation, resources raising, pricing of services and other aspects of municipal administration.
What is decentralization of Power? What values do we learn from the decentralization of power in India?
Decentralisation is assigning authority throughout the levels of management, in an organization. It describes the way in which power to take decisions is allocated among various levels in the organizational hierarchy. it refers to the dissemination of powers, functions, and responsibility, away from the central location.
Importance of decentralization:
1. Passing of authority at middle and lower level shows the trust and faith of top level in their subordinates and this trust and faith motivate the employees working at different levels as they are allowed to take decisions without seeking the approval of superiors.
2. In the decentralization managers working at a lower and middle level also learn the art of making decisions.
3. In the decentralization process, decision-making is not restricted in few hands only but decision-making power is entrusted to all the managers who are taking actions or performing the activities.
The 73rd constitutional amendment is a landmark incident in the constitutional history of India because for the first time this amendment empowered Indians at the grass-root level to participate in administration-which we call decentralization of power.